CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN THE RED GROUSE 129 



evidence of damage to the ulna. A shortening of 2 mm. (from 

 50 mm. in the sound bone to 48 mm. in the damaged one), 

 occurred in the united radius, and the union was effected 

 irregularly with a large boss of new bone. This bird was an 

 undersized hen, killed as a " piner " on August 15th, 1906, 



Excessive 

 thickening or 

 Fibula 



Impacted 

 Jhot 



FIG. 11. 



FIG. 9. 



FIG. 10. 

 Broken and re-united leg-bones. 



and suspected of disease. She was shot on the wing, but was 

 in very poor condition and badly infested by Davainea, Hymeno- 

 lepis, and Trichostrongylus within, and by innumerable bird- 

 lice and other parasites without. 



Figures 9, 10, and 11 all resemble one another in representing Damage to 

 united fractures of the upper third of the tibia and fibula, eg ~ 



