BONAPARTE IN ITALY. 59 



dividing your force, give him the means of beating us in 

 detail, and retaking the ground he has lost. After the 

 defeat of Beaulieu, you will make the expedition to 



Leghorn The intention of the Directory is, that 



the army shall not pass beyond the Tyrol, until after the 

 expedition to the south of Italy." 



Doubtless, these general orders are not the campaign 

 of Italy. No human intelligence could foresee either the 

 route that General Beaulieu would follow after his sep- 

 aration from the Piedmontese army, nor the manoeuvres 

 of Wurmsur, nor the long resistance made at Mantua by 

 that old general, nor the marches of Alvinzi, nor many 

 glorious incidents which I abstain from recalling ; with- 

 out doubt it required all the hardihood and genius of 

 Bonaparte, and the cooperation of such officers as Mas- 

 sena, Augereau, Lannes, Murat, Rampon, to annihilate 

 in a few months three large Austrian armies. Finally, 

 all that I have wished to say is, that it would be unjust 

 to entirely omit the name of Carnot in reciting those 

 immortal campaigns. 



I should have a right to say even more were we study- 

 ing another phase of those wars, their moral and civil- 

 izing phase. Who does not remember those treaties of 

 peace, in which masterpieces of painting and of sculpture 

 were inducements to pardon perfidy and treachery in our 

 enemies, and the official visits of our victorious generals 

 to diffident learned men, rendered illustrious by important 

 discoveries ? Well, Gentlemen, all this, whatever peo- 

 ple may say of it, was prescribed by Carnot. Will any 

 doubts still be entertained if I transcribe the following 

 letter from our colleague, dated 



" 24th of Prairial, year IV. 

 " General, in recommending you, by our letter of the 



