TREES IN WINTER. 79 



The scales of the Elm, the Beech, the Tulip-tree 

 (Fig. 18), and Magnolia are stipules, and those of 

 the Horsechestnut are modified leaf-stalks. In all 



I. Branch in Winter State (reduced). 2. Same, less reduced. 3. Branch, with Leaf-Buds 

 expanded. 4. Series in a Single Bud, showing the Gradual Transition from Scales to 

 Leaves. 



these cases the outer scales have become thickened 

 and hardened, so as the better to protect the bud. 

 Often they are covered with resinous or waxy 



