ELECTRIC MANGER. 305 



teeth, he forms a connection between the upper and 

 lower plates, and receives a shock which makes him 

 loosen his hold. It is not strong enough to injure 

 the animal, but quite strong enough to impress on 

 his mind that mangers are not meant to be bitten, 

 and that if he bites a manger it will avenge itself. 

 This invention was shown me by Messrs. Martingale, 

 of 158 Piccadilly. 



x 



