March 4, 1920] 



NATURE 



23 



in whrch would be regarded as recognised and qualify- 

 ing service ; in the case of trade or commercial in- 

 structors, five years of practical experience or not more 

 than seven years in special cases ; in any university 

 or university college ; in any school receiving grants 

 provided by a Government Department ; as a supple- 

 mentary teacher in a public elementary school ; in any 

 school in any British Colony or Dependency or in 

 , India, aided or under regular inspection by the 

 Government; in any foreign country where there exists 

 an. arrangement for the interchange of teachers made 

 Dy the Board of Education. 



The question of salaries for teachers of various 

 grades in technical institutions had been carefully 

 considered, and the following scale was submitted 

 to, and approved by, the meeting, and ordered to be 

 forwarded to local education authorities and the 

 governing bodies of technical institutes for their con- 

 sideration, namely : Principals in four grades of 

 schools ranging from 1250?. down to 500Z., and rising 

 bv annual increments during five years to 1500^ and 

 750Z. ; heads of departments in three grades ranging 

 from 600Z. down to 400Z., and risin-^ bv annual incre- 

 ments during ten years to 900Z. and 600Z. ; heads of 

 junior technical and commercial schools to be classed 

 as heads of departments ; lecturers in three grades 

 ranging from 400Z. down to 250^, and rising by annual 

 increments during three years to 600Z. and 400Z. 

 respectively. 



In a paper bv Mr. A. Mansbridge on "Technical 

 Schools and their Part in Adult Education," it 

 was urged that a great crusade against the 

 unworthv use of leisure is a pressing need of the 

 time. There can be no better way for. the worker to 

 tread in his off-hours than that which leads ,to the 

 development of his interests or his skill. Technical 

 training can, however, never flourish in a community 

 which does not regard the matters with which it deals 

 as of fundamental importance to the whole health of 

 man. .A nation which merely regards it as a means of 

 outstripping others must always be content with 

 superficial achievement. The education of a man lies 

 deeper than the pursuit of knowledge or training. 

 Some turn to the influencing or contemplation of the 

 ideas and movements of men, others to the creation 

 of material things, and each alike serves his genera- 

 tion if the direction be true. Mr. Mansbridge pleaded 

 that the technical institutes should make provision for 

 adult men and women to study in their leisure time 

 the matters, technical or non-technical, in which they 

 are interested, or rather for which thev possess the 

 necessary aptitude. He asked that serious attention 

 should be triven to the notable Report of the Com- 

 mittee on Adult Education issued in Julv last. 



S. paper was read on " Day Continuation Schools " 

 bv Mr. H. J. Tavlor, of Dewsbury, in which he urged 

 that a hearty response should be given to the invita- 

 tion of Mr. Fisher to local education authorities to 

 establish these schools voluntarily on the lines laid 

 down by the Board of Education in its recent cir- 

 cular, namely, that such schools must give as great 

 a measure of liberal education, both physical and 

 mental, as opportunity and time afford. Mr. Taylor 

 contended that the most effective way in which the 

 rnnditions could be met was by arranging for a com- 

 plete day each week for groups of bovs and girls, and 

 cited the efforts of the Dewsbury Education. Com- 

 mittee and of the employers of the town (without 

 reducing the wages of their employees) to establish 

 such a school as illustratine its possibility. 



S. further paper was. read by Dr. R. S. Clav, of the 

 \orthern Polytechnic, London, in which he advocated 

 nn ampler provision of scholarships throughout the 

 whole sphere of education bv the institution to each 

 ten thousand of the population of six junior scholar- 

 NO. 2627, VOL. 105] 



ships from elementary to secondary schools, six indus- 

 trial scholarships, three intermediate scholarships to 

 enable the recipients to continue their education at the 

 secondary school until the age of eighteen or nineteen, 

 one senior scholarship to the university or the technical 

 institute, and one post-graduate or research exhibition 

 tenable at the close of the graduate course. 



Resolutions were adopted dealing with lengthened 

 vacations, so that teachers of special subjects 

 should have facilities for keeping in touch with 

 industrial developments ; maximum teaching hours 

 for ordinary lecturers and heads of departments; 

 the appointment of a consultative committee com- 

 prised of representatives of industry, and including 

 representatives of universities and technical institu- 

 tions, to advise the university and technological 

 branches of the Board of Education' on all matters 

 affecting the relationship of university and higher 

 technical education to industry ; and, finally, the provi- 

 sion that should be made in the preparation of schemes 

 required by the Education Act of iqiS for the con- 

 tinuation of study on the part of science teachers by 

 means of suitable tutorial courses of sciense lectures 

 and practical work, together with facilities to attend 

 meetings of scientific and technical societies and to 

 visit special educational centres and industrial works. 



t 



The Einstein Deflection of Light. 



THE idea of detecting the Einstein deflection by 

 measures of two neighbouring stars has occurred 

 to many people, and Prof. C. V. Raman writes to 

 suggest that the apparent distance of the two com- 

 ponents of a binary star may be influenced by the 

 efi'ect. It seems, therefore, worth while to examine 

 the conditions, and to try to discover whether any 

 sensible effects are to be expected. 



First, it is easy to show that where the linear 

 distance between the two stars is small compared with 

 their distance from the sun, then the angular shift 

 of the further star, due to the Einstein effect, is 

 diminished as seen from the sun in the approximate 

 ratio : Distance between the stars/their distance from 

 the sun. That is, it becomes absolutely evanescent, 

 and the effect suggested by Prof. Raman is non- 

 existent. 



Secondly, let the two stars be at different distances 

 from the sun ; for simplicitv, take the distance of the 



Fig. 1.— To illustrate the production of an image of a distant star 

 by the gravitational bending of its light by a neaier one. 



nearer star as half that of the further; let their 

 angular diameters be 0002" and 0001" respectively, 

 and let the angular distance between them be i". 

 Then the light from the further star passes the nearer 

 star at a distance of 1000 of its radii. If the bending 

 of a grazing ray be 2", the bending in the actual case 

 is 0-002", and the apparent shift as seen from the sun 

 0001". It appears that in no case where the two 

 star-discs are sufficiently far apart to be easily separ- 

 able is the Einstein shift appreciable. 



A second Einstein effect has been imagined, viz. the 

 formation of an image of the distant star on the 

 reverse side of the nearer one. From C, the centre 

 of the latter, draw tangents CA, CB, and produce 

 them backward to DE. Then DE is one-millionth of 

 a second. Now it is only along the arc DE that the 

 Einstein image is produced, and the radial diameter 



