Vpril I, 1920] 



NATURE 



•55 



tion " which has in the past too often been attributed 

 to Cambridge University. 



London. — Mr. William Neilson-Jones has been 

 appointed as from May i next to the University chair 

 of botany tenable at Bedford College. Mr. Neilson- 

 Jones was foundation scholar of Emmanuel College, 

 Cambridge, and obtained a first class in part i. of 

 the Natural Sciences Tripos and a second class in 

 part ii. (Botany). He has carried out research work at 

 Cambridge and for the Health of Munition Workers 

 Committee of the Medical Research Committee. In 

 1909 Mr. Neilson-Jones was appointed lecturer in 

 botany at University College, Reading, and in 1913 

 assistant lecturer in botany at Bedford College; since 

 19 16 he has been head of the department at this 

 college. 



It has been resolved by the Senate that the fol- 

 lowing posts should be established in connection with 

 the recent benefaction of 150,000/. made by the Sir 

 Ernest Cassel Trustees : — (i) Sir Ernest Cassel chairs 

 of accountancy and business methods, of commercial 

 and industrial law, and of banking and currency ; 

 (2) three Sir Ernest Cassel readerships in commerce, 

 dealing specially with (a) foreign trade, (b) the 

 organisation of' industry and trade in the United 

 Kingdom, and (c) the influence of tariffs and taxa- 

 tion respectively; and (3) three University lecture- 

 ships in commerce, with special reference to com- 

 mercial geography, business methods, and transport 

 resf>ectively. 



An offer from the W^orshipful (Company of Vintners 

 to provide, for a period of five years in the first 

 instance, two scholarships, each of the annual value 

 of 150Z., for students for the degree in commerce has 

 been accepted by the Senate with thanks. The thanks 

 of the Senate have also been accorded to the relatives 

 of the late Capt. G. D. Harvey-Webb, formerly of 

 University College, for their gift of his collection of 

 shells for the department of zoologv at that college ; 

 and to Prof. Graham Wallas for his gift of another 

 collection of shells for the same department to 

 supplement that of Capt. Harvey-Webb. 



The following doctorates have been conferred :-- 

 D.Sc. : Mr. F. J. North, an external student, for a 

 thesis entitled " On Syringothyris, Winchell, and 

 Certain Carboniferous Brachiopoda referred to Spiri- 

 ferina, d'Orbigny." D.Sc. (Economics): The Rev. 

 A. W. Parry, an external student, for a thesis entitled 

 "Education in England in the Middle Ages." 



Keddey Fletcher-Warr studentships, each of the 

 value of 300Z. a year for three years, have been 

 awarded to Dr. Agnes Arber, for post-graduate 

 research in botany, and to Sliss Margaret McFarlane, 

 for post-graduate research in psychology. These 

 studentships were established under the benefaction 

 founded by Mrs. du Puy Fletcher, 



The annual report of University College has just 

 been issued. The total number of students for the 

 session 1918-19 was 2048, an increase of 977 on the 

 previous year. This increase took place after the 

 armistice, and mainly in January, 1919, and con- 

 sisted almost exclusively of ex-Service men. The 

 total revenue of the college for the year 1918-19 was 

 75,781!., of which 26,304^ was from fees. The total 

 expenditure was 77,824/.. causing a deficit of 2210/- 

 This deficit arises from the increase in salaries that 

 has become necessary, and generally from the in- 

 creased cost of running the college. The report con- 

 tains a summary of the main work of the year. The 

 new departments of Scandinavian studies and of 

 Dutch studies have already made a good start. The new 

 school of librarianship, which has been instituted with 

 money provided by the Carnegie Trust, and of which 



NO. 2631, VOL. 105] 



Sir Frederic Kenyon is the honorary visitor, began 

 with an enrolment of eighty-eight students. The 

 student body included 253 post-graduate and research 

 workers. The fifth appendix of the report gives 

 a list of the papers and publications issued by 

 them during the past year. Nine new fellows are 

 elected to the college biennially. The list for this year 

 is remarkable in that it includes the first Chinaman 

 to be elected to the fellowship and two distinguished 

 members of the Slade School of Fine Art. The full 

 list of fellows is as follows : — F. J. Fitzmaurice Har- 

 rington, W. C. Clinton, Ethel M. Elderton, Brig.- 

 Gen. Sir Alexander Gibb, his Excellency Yuen Hsu, 

 Augustus E. John, Major Sir William' Orpen, Dr. 

 T. H. C. Stevenson, and Dr. Ethel N. Thomas. 



Manchester. — In connection with the Ellis Llwyd 

 Jones lectureship for training teachers of the deaf 

 recently established at the University through the 

 benefaction of Sir James E. Jones, the Carnegie 

 United Kingdom Trust has granted to the Univer- 

 sity the sum of 2500I. for the foundation and main- 

 tenance of a library for deaf education. It is intended 

 to make this library as comprehensive as possible, and 

 to include in it works dealing with the various svstems 

 of teaching the deaf, speech training, psychology of 

 speech and of hearing, phonetics, acoustics, anatomy, 

 phvsiologv, and diseases of the ear. The books are 

 to be available to all individuals, societies, and institu- 

 tions throughout the United Kingdom interested or 

 concerned in the education and training of the deaf, 

 and they will be ready for consultation and borrowing 

 immediatelv after Easter. No charfre beyond the cost 

 of carriage is to be made for the loan of books, but 

 "intending borrowers will be required to fill in a fornt 

 of application to be obtained from the Librarian, 

 Library for Deaf Education, The University, Man- 

 chester. 



Oxford. — The Romanes lecture for 1920 will be 

 delivered bv the Verv Rev. W. R. Inge, honorary 

 fellow of Hertford College, Dean of St. Paul's, on 

 Thursday, May 27. The subject will be "The Idea 

 of Progress." 



Societies and Academies. 



London. 

 Aristotelian Society, March 8.— Prof. Wildon Carr in 

 the chair. — M. Ginsberg: Is there a general will? 

 The term "general will" has been used in many 

 different senses. Especially important are the view 

 of Wundt based on an analysis of the mutual im- 

 plications of presentation and will, and leading to a 

 theory of a series of will-unities of varied complexity, 

 and 'the doctrine of a "real" will worked out by 

 Prof. Bosanquet and other idealists. AH the theories^ 

 in varying degrees, involve a confusion between the 

 act of willing, which must always be individual, and 

 the object of will, which may' be common. ProL 

 Bosanquet's view in particular is based upon a hypo- 

 statisation of contents, and a tendency to deny the 

 reality of acts, of experience. Generally, in so far as 

 the psychological forces operative in society are 

 general they are not will, and in so far as there is 

 present self-conscious volition it is not general. The 

 State and other associations exhibit a kind of unity, 

 but this unity is a relation based on community of 

 ideals and purposes, and must not be spoken of as a 

 person or will. For the purpose of social theory, .what 

 is required is not a common self, but a common 

 good. The latter is an ideal and not an existent, and 

 must not be identified with a general will. 



