of Grinnell Land and North Greenland. 487 



imbedded stones, as well as the rocks against which the ice 

 grated. This action of shore-ice I shall advert to more fully 

 in the account of the geology of the expedition. 



Station No. 18. Allman Bay, Grinnell Land,lat. 79^ 30' N. 

 On both sides of this bay several lines of parallel ten-aces 

 stretch for miles, their surfaces from 50 to 100 feet broad ; 

 along these terraces are scattered valves of Mya truncata and 

 Saxicava rugosa. The regularity of these terraces is due to 

 the former presence of the ice-foot, which now permanently 

 encases the shore. ]\Iy impression is that these terraces have 

 been formed by the sliding down of material, and the banking- 

 up power of the ice casement (the ice-foot of arctic explorers). 

 Perhaps this simple explanation may throw some light on the 

 formation of ten-aces in other parts of the world, such as the 

 parallel roads of Glenroy in Scotland. During summer the 

 ice-foot is worn by the melting snow-streams into channels ; at 

 ligh tide the sea- water rushes up these cuttings, and, spreading 

 )ver the ice-foot, works holes through the frozen sno^V until it 

 caches the ten-ace beneath ; valves of shells are thus scattered 

 )ver the terraces. 



Station No. 19. Radmore Harbour, Grinnell Land, lat. 

 S0° 27' N. Series of terraces, similar to No. 18, with the 

 ■jame testaceous remains. 



Station No, 20. Watercourse Bay, Grinnell Land, lat. 81° 

 44' N. Thick beds of clay, with numerous ice-scratched en-a- 

 tics, resting upon beds of sandstone of Miocene age : fossils 

 Mya truncata^ Saxicava rugosa^ Astarte horealis, and Pecten 

 Groenlandicus. 



Station No. 21. Same locality, 1000 feet higher elevation, 

 resting on azoic slates ; same descrijjtion of beds Avith similar 

 fossils as No. 20. 



Station No. 22. Shift-rudder Bay, Grinnell Land, lat. 80° 

 50' N. Valley leading into the interior with great deposits 

 of grey mud containing drift-wood, occupying depressions up 

 to an altitude of 200 feet ; where cut by watercourses, the 

 sections showed numbers of Astarte horealis, in such good 

 preservation that the epidermis was fresh-looking and the 

 hinge of the valves intact. Mya truncata, Saxicava rugosa^ 

 and Pecten Grainlandicus were the most abundant fossils ; 

 but Astarte fahula occurred not unfrequently. From this 

 locality Commander Parr, ll.N., procured an antler of the 

 reindeer [Cervus tarandus), which, 1 do not doubt, came out 

 of these shell-bearing beds. 



Station No. 23. Lincoln Bay*, Grinnell Land, lat. 82° 



* Vide rarliamentary Papers [C— 1636], 1877, p. yOl. 



