October i6, 1919] 



NATURE 



141 



Miscellaneous. 

 Edward Arnold.— The Struggle in the Air, 1914-18, 

 Major C. C. Turner, illustrated; Memories of tlie 

 Months, Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., sixth .series; 

 In the Modern Educator's Library — Education : Its 

 Data and First Principles, Prof. T. Percy Nunn; 

 -Moral and Religious Education, Dr. Sophie Brvant. 

 Blackie and Son, Ltd. — Science and Theology, p'. W. 

 VVestavvay; Scientific Method: Its Philosophy and 

 its Practice, F. VV. Westaway, new edition. 'Cam- 

 bridge University Presi.^Accounts Rendered of Work 

 Done and Things Seen, J. Y. Buchanan, illustrated; 

 Short History of Education, Prof. J. W. Adamson. 

 Cassell and Co., Ltd. — All about Aircraft of To-day, 



F. A. Talbot, illustrated; All about Treasures of the 

 Earth, F. A. Talbot. Constable and Co., Ltd. — Dic- 

 tionary of Scientific Instruments, illustrated; The 

 Curriculum, K. Richmond; Montessori lixperiments, 

 -Mary Blackburn, illustrated ; An Introduction to 

 Educational Sociology, Prof. W. R. Smith. Hodder 

 and Stoughton. — ^The Natural Wealth of Britain : Its 

 Origin and Exploitation, S. J. Duly (The New Teach- 

 ing Series of Practical Text-books). Longmans and 

 Co. — ^The Manchester Grammar School, 1515-1915 : 

 A Regional Survey of the Advancement of Learning 

 since the Reformation, Dr. A. A. Mumford, illus- 

 trated ; Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily 

 Death, F. VV'. H. Myers, a new and abridged edition, 

 with a portrait and biographical sketch of the author. 



G. Routledge and Sons, Ltd. — The Human Motor and 

 the Scientific Foundations of Labour, Dr. J. ."Vmar, 

 illustrated ; Motion-Study for the Handicapped, F. B. 

 Gilbreth, illustrated ; -'Vnimal Foodstuffs : Their Pro- 

 duction and Consumption, with Special Reference to 

 the British Empire, E. W. Shanahan. Seeley, Ser- 

 vice, and Co., Ltd. — The Wonders of Scientific Dis- 

 covery, C. R. Gibson, illustrated. S.l'.C.K. — Some 

 Wonders of Matter, Right Rev. Dr. J. E. Mercer. 



Philosophy and Psychology. 

 Henry Holt and Co. {New York). — Army Mental 

 Tests, C. S. Yoakum and R. M. Yerkes, illustrated. 

 Macmillan and Co., Ltd. — The Idea of Progress: An 

 Inquiry into its Origin and Growth, Prof. J. T3. Bury; 

 Implication and Linear Inference, Dr. B. Bosanquet; 

 Mind-Energy, Prof. H. Bergson, translated by Prof. 

 H. Wildon Carr, in collaboration with the author; 

 The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy, 

 Prof. S. Radhakrishnan. G. Routledge and Sons, 

 Ltd. — The Psychology of Special Abilities and Dis- 

 abilities, A. F. Bronner. University of London Press, 

 Ltd. — The Modern Philosophical Basis of Education, 

 B. Branford ; Psychology of the Class, F. Watts CThe 

 Education of the Future Series). 



Technology. 



Cassell and Co., Ltd. — Small Lathes: Making and 

 Using, illustrated ; Model Aeroplanes, illustrated ; 

 The Motor Mechanics' Handbook, G. W. Watson and 

 F. H. Rogers, new edition, illustrated. Constable and 

 Co., Ltd. — Glass Manufacture, Dr. W. Rosenhain, 

 new edition; Wood Pulp, C. F. Cross, E. J. Bevan, 

 and R. W. Sindall, new edition. Hodder and 

 Stoughton. — Popular Handbook for Cement and 

 Concrete Users, M. H. Lewis and A. H. Chandler; 

 Practical Dry Cleaner, Scourer, and Garment Dyer, 

 W. T. Brannt; Perfumes and Cosmetics, C. W. 

 Askinson. Crosby Lock-wood and Son. — Electro- 

 plating, Based on the late Alexander Watt's Electro- 

 metallurgy ; Lockwood's Builder's Price Book for 

 iq2o, R. S. Ayling, illustrated; and a new edition of 

 Mechanical Dentistry : A Practical Treatise on the 

 Construction of the Various Kinds of Artificial Den- 

 NO. 2607, VOL. 104] 



tures, comprising also useful Formula, Tables, and 

 Recipes for Gold Plate, Clasps, and Solders, 

 C. Hunter. Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd. 

 — Asbestos, A. L. Summers; Zinc, T. E. Lones ; 

 and Cordage, T. Woodhouse and P. Kilgour 

 (Common Commodities and Industries Series). Scott, 

 Greenwood, and Son. — \ Treatise on Ceramic Indus- 

 tries : A Complete Manual for Pottery, Tile, and 

 Brick Manufacturers, E. Bourry, a revised transla- 

 tion from the French, with some critical notes by 

 .\. B. Searle, new edition. 



THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT 



BOURNEMOUTH. 



SECTION E. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



Opening -Address by Prof. L. VV. Lyde, M.-A., 

 President of the Section. 



The International Rivers of Europe. 



This subject was chosen before the publication of 

 the Treaty of Peace, and was dictated by a wish to 

 combine my geographical creed with the political 

 conditions of an "Americanised" Europe. The 

 Treaty embodies so many of the principles which I 

 wished to emphasise that my treatment should 

 perhaps now be rather historical than political. 



My geographical faith is in Outlook ; the jargon of 

 to-day is about Leagues of Nations. This is the day 

 of nations and nationalities, and geographers must 

 rejoice in the fact, because civilisation depends on a 

 blend of varied influences — each an individual element, 

 a genius loci — and the triumph of nationality must 

 curb that tendency to a drab cosmopolitanism which 

 would crush out all such variety. But these varied 

 influences cannot blend into a progressive civilisation 

 unless they have all possible facilities for friendly 

 meeting; for instance, international rivers should not 

 be, like international finance, anti-national, but really 

 inter-national, "between nations," common to ail 

 nations, and encouraging the friendly meeting of 

 diverse political elements and ideas. Liberty always 

 makes for differentiation — in nations as in individuals ; 

 and if our international intercourse becomes really 

 "free," the desired variety is guaranteed. 



That is why I should like jo press the truth that 

 Outlook is, or ought to be, the motto of geography. 

 It is so for many of us, and it ought to be for all. 

 But the word covers both a process and an objective. 

 The outlook is essentially over big Mother Earth ; the 

 process is visualisation — the picturing of forms and 

 forces, places and peoples, beyond the horizon, all 

 possible horizons being included in the one great unit 

 of the globe. But the geographical interaction of the 

 man and the place cannot be dissociated — least of all 

 in political geography — from the historical inter- 

 dependence of group and group. Both alike are con- 

 cerned with progress. We want to know, therefore, 

 the whole simple truth — what the particular features 

 and phenomena mean as world-features and world- 

 phenomena, not what special meaning can be read 

 into them, or extracted from them, by some local and 

 interested political unit. Geography is, first of all, 

 the visualisation of the world and the relations of 

 the various parts of that world. 



Now, the one predominant feature of the earth's 

 surface is not land, but water. Nearly all inter- 

 national problems to-day have to do, explicitly or 

 implicitly, with the ocean, i.e. with access to cheap 

 water transport on the medium which covers three- 

 quarters of the whole surface of the earth. Even 

 the problem of Alsace-Lorraine, itself perhaps purely 



