Habits of certain Bornean Butterflies. 211 
Lyc@NIDZ&. 
Nacaduba. Biduanda. 
Lampides. Narathura, 
PAPILIONID, 
5 None. 
HESPERIID &. 
None. 
All the other genera and many species of those enumerated 
delight either in the sunshine or the shady forest edges, forest 
paths, or clearings, where the light is stronger than in the 
forest depths and where sunshine is close at hand. Occa- 
sionally Ornithoptera and Hestia make excursions into the 
jungle; but their haunts are the forest by the river-sides. 
Euthalia and Tanecia are still more frequent explorers of 
the forest depths, but they chiefly affect the more open places. 
Other genera are not unfrequently observed, but they are 
stragglers. 
The most plentiful butterflies in the forest are the blues and 
purples, which frequent the higher undergrowth and have a 
strong tendency to settle in the middle of leaves which turn 
their upper surface horizontally. The purples perhaps, such 
as Narathura, are more arboreal than the blues and fly higher, 
even up to 60 feet; but asa rule the forest buttertlies keep 
pretty low down. 
It has been suggested that the rarity of butterflies in the 
deep forest shade is more apparent than real and that the 
mass of the individuals are high overhead on the tree-tops. 
This is certainly not the case in North Borneo, for I have had 
ample and unusual opportunities of seeing over the forest. 
Some of the mountains, about 3000 feet high, run up in long 
ridges and terminate in a pinnacle, and on several occasions 
their summits were chosen as stations for getting bearings 
during jungle surveys. ‘The trees on the summit were felied 
and a station rigged up, upon which the observer more than 
once sat from dawn to dusk for days together. ‘The tree-tops 
were all around and insects as easily seen as when down 
below. Inevery case butterflies were rarer than on the river- 
banks below. ‘The only species at all common were small 
blues, and only uow and then did others come sailing by. 
Nowhere, even where trees were in flower, were butterflies 
seen playing about in numbers, though swarms of bees, all 
flying up the wind, were common, and wasps, flies, and 
beetles were far from rare. 
