MIGRATION OF TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES 317 



The route from Africa towards Europe was 

 opened, perhaps for the first time, at the beginning of 

 or half-way through the Oligocene (Orycteropes and 

 Pangolins of the Phosphorites of Quercy), and then, 

 for certain, at the beginning of the Miocene (Burdi- 

 galian), either by way of Spain or Sicily, or through 

 the ^Egean Sea. By one or other of these routes 

 there arrived in Europe the Mastodons and the 

 Dinotherium, escorted by the first Apes, by the 

 branched Ruminants, and the true horned Rhi- 

 noceros. In return, Europe sent to North Africa, 

 about the middle of the Oligocene period, the Suidse 

 (GenyoJiyus) , the Anthracotheridae (Brachyodus) , and 

 the Creodonts (Hycenodon, Pterodori), discovered by 

 Andrews in the rich deposits of the Fayum, on the 

 confines of the Libyan desert. 



Other exchanges of fauna between Europe and 

 India may be pointed out from the upper Oligocene 

 to the Pliocene epoch, thanks to the rich deposits 

 described by Cautley and Falconer in the sub- 

 Himalayan formation of the Siwaliks Hills. Europe 

 appears to have sent into Asia the Anthracotherium, 

 the great Brachyodus, the Suidae, the Amphicyon, 

 etc., and it received in return, without possible 

 doubt, the Hipparion, Horses, Giraffes, Gazelles, 

 Oxen, Goats, Sheep, Hyaenas, Anthropoid Apes, and 

 the first fossil precursor of Man. 



