Crcagttrj? of Natural 



has been done towards it by the aid of modern 

 science. [See TOXODOX and GLYPTODOX.J 



ARNEE. (Bos Ami.) A large and for- 

 midable quadruped) conspicuous for courage, 

 strength, and ferocity ; and closely allied to 

 the wild ordinary Buffalo. It inhabits the 

 high lands of Hmdostau, and is remarkable 

 for its enormous horns, which often measure 

 from four to six feet in length. They incline 

 outwards and backwards, and then, arching 

 gradually towards each other as they proceed 

 to the points, form a bold crescent : they are 

 rough with numerous ridges and furrows. 

 In Bengal and the neighbouring provinces 

 this animal is known by the name of Arna. 



ARTAMUS. A genus of birds, one of 

 the species of which was placed by the older 

 writers among the Shrikes. [See WOOD- 

 SWALLOW.] 



ARTTCtTLATA. The term applied by 

 Cuvier to a primary division of the animal . 

 kingdom. The animals composing it not ! 

 only present an internal structure which is j 

 essentially different from that of the other 

 three divisions the VERTEBRATA, MOL- | 

 LUSCA, and RADIATA but are distinguished i 

 by external characters so definite and evi- 

 dent as not to be mistaken. The skeleton 

 is not internal, as in the Vertebrata, but is 

 seldom altogether absent, as in the Mollusca. 

 Their entire body is divided into segments ; 

 the series of articulated rings which encircle 

 the body supplying the place of a skeleton, 

 and being in general hard enough to furnish 

 the necessary resisting fulcra to the muscles 

 of locomotion ; whence they are capable of 

 performing the several actions of walking, 

 leaping, swimming, or flying. There are 

 also some which are not furnished with feet, 

 but have only soft and membranous articu- 

 lated limbs, by which they can merely crawl. 

 In some articulated animals, their ring-like 

 appearance results merely from a certain 

 number of transverse folds, which furrow the 

 skin, and encircle the body ; but in the 

 greater number, the animal is enclosed in a 

 kind of case, formed by a series of rings, so 

 united one to another as to allow them a 

 certain degree of movement. In most ani- 

 mals of this sub-kingdom, each ring in its 

 i complete state possesses a pair of nervous 

 ganglia, united on the central line ; and. 

 these ganglia are connected together by a 

 double cord of communication, which runs 

 along the ventral or lower surface of the 

 body. The bulk of the body in the Articu- 

 lata is made up of the muscles, by which the 

 several segments, and their various append- 

 ages, are put in motion ; and these muscles 

 are arranged with so much regularity and 

 exactness on the two sides of the central j 

 line, that the lateral syfnmetry of the Ar- 

 ticulata is most exact. With the exception 

 of a few of the very lowest species, all the ! 



Articulata are furnished with a distinct head, | 

 and with jaws for the prehension and reduc- 

 tion of the food : these jaws, however, do not 

 open vertically, as in the Vertebrata, but 

 j laterally, and there are frequently several 

 pairs of them, one behind the other. All 

 the actions of the Articulata are performed i 

 with great energy ; and at the time of the [ triangular : inhabits the intestines of ema- 



most rapid increase of the body, the demand 

 for food is so great, that a short suspension 

 of the supply proves fatal. 



The members of this great division are dis- 

 tributed into five classes, principally founded 

 on the organs of locomotion. 1. The AXXE- 

 LIDJ2, or Red-blooded Worms; characterized 

 by the presence of a distinct circulating sys- 

 tem, and of respiratory organs ; the exten- 

 sion of the body into numerous segments ; 

 and by the possession of a well-developed 

 nervous system. 2. The CIRRIPEDES, which 

 seem, as it were, to connect the Articulata 

 with the Mollusca. The body is furnished 

 with articulated cirrhi, arranged in pairs, 

 while in many it is provided with a multi- 

 valve shell. 3. CRUSTACEA, or Crabs, Lob- 

 sters, &c. These have articulated limbs, 

 more or less complicated, attached to the 

 sides of the body. Their blood is white, their 

 respiration aquatic, and among them alone, 

 of all the Articulata, do we find a distinct 

 auditory apparatus. They have transverse 

 jaws ; two compound eyes ; and all are fur- 

 nished with antennas or articulated filaments 

 attached to the head, of which there are ge- 

 nerally four. 4. ARACHXIDA, or Spiders, 

 Mites, &c. In common with a great number 

 of the Crustacea, these have the head and 

 thorax joined into a single piece with arti- 

 culated limbs on each side : their mouth is 

 armed with jaws, but they have no antennae. 

 5. IXSECTS ; the most numerous in species 

 of any throughout the Animal Kingdom. 

 They are characterized by the division of 

 the body into three distinct portions, the 

 head, thorax or corselet, and abdomen ; by 

 the possession of antennae on the head : of 

 three pairs of legs, and, in general, of one or 

 two pairs of wings ; and by their respiring 

 by means of tracheae, which are elastic ves- 

 sels. that receive the air by orifices termed 

 stigmata, pierced in their sides, and which 

 are distributed by minute ramifications over 

 every part of the body. 



ARVICOLA. A genus of Rodent Mam- 

 malia. [See VOLE.] 



ASCARID^E. A family of Entozoa, or 

 Intestinal Worms, which live in the bodies 

 of other animals. They are thus character- 

 ized : body round, elastic, and tapering to- 

 wards each extremity ; head with three 

 vesicles ; tail obtuse or subulate ; intestines 

 spiral, milk-white, and pellucid. There are 

 numerous species, generally deriving their 

 specific name from the animal they chiefly 

 infest ; for the intestinal canal of most ani- 

 mals is affected by some species or other. As 

 exam pies we shall take 1. Ascaris vermi- 

 cularis (the Thread or Maw-worm), which 

 is found, in considerable numbers, chiefly 

 in the intestinum rectum of children, where 

 they occasion very troublesome symptoms, 

 and are not easily expelled. They are vivi- 

 parous, and about half an inch long : body a 

 little dilated in the middle, and wrinkled at 

 the sides, pellucid and angular, but gradu- 

 ally tapering and terminating in a fine point. 

 2. Ascaris lumbricoides : long round worm: 



oviparous, head slightly incurved, with a 

 transverse contraction beneath it : mouth 



