168 



of 



and the Southern Seas. 

 As its name indicates, it 

 infests different species of 

 Cetacea ; living on their 

 rough skin and gnawing 

 ^ it more or less deeply. 

 *> Some are found congre- 

 ss gated on the heads of the 

 ' Whale ; while others are 

 wanderers, and crawl 

 about various parts of 

 their bodies. It is well 

 WHALE LOOSE, worthy of notice that 

 (CTAMDS OXTZ.) guc h immense creatures, 

 which inhabit the depths of the ocean, are 

 subject to such parasites ; nor are they the 

 only petty enemies to whose attacks the 

 Whale is subject. [See WHALE.] 



CYCLOPS. A genus of minute Crusta- 

 ceans, comprising numerous species, some of 

 which belong to fresh-water, while others 

 are marine. The fresh- water species abound 

 in the muddiest and most stagnant pools, 

 and often too in the clearest springs : the 

 marine species are to be found, often in vast 

 numbers, among the sea-weeds, in small 

 pools on the sea-shore ; others there are 

 which inhabit the open ocean, where, by the 

 luminous properties they possess, they con- 

 tribute to its phosphorescence. They take 

 their name from having but one eye. They 

 have all eight or ten legs, and the abdomen 

 is terminated by a bifid tail adapted for 

 swimming. Dr. Baird has monographed the 

 British species. 



CYCLOPTERUS. [See LUMP-FISH.] 

 CYGNUS. [See SWAX.] 



CYNIPS : CYNIPID.E. A genus and 

 family of Hymenopterous insects, commonly 

 known by the name of GaU-Jlics. These in- 



QALL IN3EOT, (uYNIPS QUBBCOSPOLII.) 



sects puncture, with their ovipositor, the 

 surface of the leaves, buds, and stalks of 

 various plants and trees ; and they increase 

 the aperture by means of the toothed edge, 

 forming a kind of saw, with which the ex- 

 tremity of this organ is armed. In this 

 aperture they deposit, with the egg, a drop 

 of fluid, which, from its irritating quality, 

 produces different kinds of gall-nuts, accord- 

 ing to the species of Cynips by which it has 

 been punctured. 



The excrescences on the leaves and buds 

 of trees which are called Galls are of various 

 shapes : many are spherical ; others are 

 hairy or tomentose, the surface emitting nu- 

 merous fibrous threads; others resemble buds, 

 flowers, &c. ; and there are a few which are 

 flat : in most of the species a single gall sup- 

 ports only a single gall-insect; while others 



are poJythaJamous, serving for the residence 

 of many. "Probably," says Mr. Westwood, 

 "no insect has been of greater benefit to 

 mankind than the Cynips Gallce tinctorice, 

 the galls of which are the common gall-nuts 

 of commerce, growing upon the Quercus in- 

 fectoria in the Levant, and which are em- 

 ployed in the manufacture of ink. The 

 galls are of the size of a boy's marble, very 

 hard and round, with various tubercles on 

 the surface ; they contain but a single inha- 

 bitant, which may often be found in the in- 

 terior on breaking the galls. This species 

 resembles some of our English species which 

 reside in globular oak-galls in its habits of 

 undergoing its transformations within the 

 gall, leaving a great portion of the gall un- 

 consumed. Those galls which are gathered 

 before the insect has escaped (.and which con- 

 sequently contain most astringent matter) 

 are known in trade under the name of black 

 or blue galls and green galls ; but those 

 from which the insect has escaped are called 

 white galls. 



CYNTHIA. A genus of Diurnal Lepi- 

 doptera, belonging to the Nymphalidae : we 

 restrict ourselves to the mention of the Bri- 

 tish species. 



CYNTHIA CARDUI; or PAINTED 

 LADY. This species of Butterfly is noted 

 for the irregularity of its appearance in 

 particular districts. The wings in general 



PAINTED LADY BUTTERFLY. 

 (CYNTHIA CARDDI.) 



are of a brownish yellow colour, dappled 

 with black spots or clouds of various shapes; 

 especially those parts of the upper wings 



next the apices, which are all black, except 

 five white spots on each side. On the under 



