jg DISSECTING (BUCKING) THE BOLES OF THE TREES 



Painting of end faces with red lead is prescribed for export logs. Very heavy logs are 

 sometimes split in two. Putting logs on sticks to prevent spoliation of sap and to reduce 

 specific gravity is often advised. 



(b) Blocks for woodenware. 



Poplar, for large bowls, must be entirely free from defects. White pine blocks are 

 often cut between the whirls of branches. 



(c) Hub blocks must be butt logs, the length allowing to cut either two or four out of the block; 



(d) Construction timber is hewn according to local requirements. Minimum diameter at small 

 end most important. Construction timber abroad is sometimes whip sawn; 



(e) Poplar and walnut squares run from 4 ' X4 " to 10",', 10". They are whip sawn in the backwoods 

 of Western North Carolina; 



( f ) Telegraph poles. The smallest diameter, the diameter at or close to the big end, the length, 

 crooks and treatment of bark must be considered. Pointing of the small end is specified 



sometimes; 



(g) Fence posts. Species, length, smallest diameter, straightness, method of manufacture, &c. 

 must be considered. Usual length is 6'., feet; 



(h) Railroad ties. Specifications are very variable. Face is usually from 6 "X6" to 8 "X 9". 

 Sawed railroad ties are used, especially, in the yellow pine section. Great waste in hewing 

 ties from trees just too small to yield two ties. Specifications cover allowance of sap, wind 

 shakes, wany edge, dote, number of rings per one inch (in pine); 



( i ) Shingle bolts. Lengths are multiples of 16" and 18", usually; 



(i) Mine props. Middle diameter from 3" to 8"; 



(k) Stave and heading bolts. Basswood heading bolts used in Michigan. Length 18" or 37" 

 and diameter not less than 8". If from 12" to 18", split into halves. If over 18", split into 

 quarters. White oak bolts measure 36" for stave bolts and 24" for heading bolts; core and 

 sap must be hewn out; minimum face at inner edge 4". 



Heading bolts for sugar barrels in the Adirondacks consist of spruce cut in lengths 

 forming multiples of 22" with a diameter minimum of 6". 



Stave bolts for sugar barrels consist of birch, beech, and maple, the lengths forming 

 multiples of 32", with a diameter minimum of S". 



( 1 ) Blocks for carriage spokes. Material is black or shellbark hickory, white oak, white ash, 

 and post oak strictly free from imperfections. Minimum diameter 12"; length 6'. feet, 7' ^ feet, 

 8V2 feet and so on ; 



(m) Paper pulp. Logs scale 4" and upwards; no dead timber. In the State of Maine pulp logs 

 are peeled in the woods; 



(n) Veneering blocks. Hardwoods preferred, of the biggest possible diameter, but certainly over 

 18" diameter. Blocks from 2 to 8 feet long; 



(0) Tannin extract wood (chestnut). Length of wood 5 feet, split from logs 10 inches and over 

 in diameter. Wormholes allowed. Fibre must be sound. A cord consists of 160 cubic feet. 

 Higher price for peeled wood. Butt logs preferred. Cutting of saw logs out of same tree 

 forbidden; 



(p) Fuel cordwood. Advisability for piles to contain one cord. Weight of pieces should be 

 such that one man can lift them easily. Splitting facilitates the process of drying; in sappy 

 wood, it also prevents rotting. 



