LAND TRANSPORTATION WITHOUT VEHICLES 



17 



telephone poles, 



ties and small 



logs. 



CHAPTER III. TRANSPORTATION. 



PARAGRAPH VII. 

 LAND TRANSPORTATION WITHOUT VEHICLES. 



The following "methods" of transportation on land and without the use of vehicles, are en vogue :- 



(A) CARRYING STOVE WOOD, pulp wood, extract wood, &c. on men's shoulders, a method of 

 transportation largely used abroad and in India. Carrying distances range up to one eighth of a mile. 

 In India, railroad ties are carried by the Hin- 

 doos over much longer distances. 



"Stretchers" are sometimes used where Q - =.^ _^s^,=^_ 7^ 



slope is not steep, or "timber carriers." Mor- 



ley Bros, lughooks are used in America. Swivelled timber 



At Biltmore firewood is carried to the carrier or lug- 

 roads over an average distance of 150 feet on ^°°^ "^^^^ '°'' 

 men's shoulders. Tanbark is similarly carried '^a"sportatioii of 

 to the sledding roads by the armful. 



(B) DRAGGING LOGS BY HUMAN FORCE where vehicles or water is near and where produce 

 does not weigh over a ton. The front end of a log is placed on a tray (lizard) to prevent it from boring 

 into the ground. 



Barked or peeled and well trimmed logs are easily dragged. 



(C) ROLLING LOGS and round blocks by human labor is necessary almost everywhere. Peavy, 

 cant hook and "krempe" are used for the purpose. 



On a slope of about 25 "u, after removing obstacles, logs will roll easily. 



Rolling by hand is a common method in the Southern Appalachians. On the steeper slopes the 

 logs run away frequently, leaping and jumping with the result that they arrive at the bottom in a badly 

 shattered condition. 



Naturally, log rolling is also objectionable from the standpoint of silviculture. 



A dell sloping at a grade of about 30 per cent is sometimes filled with (peeled) logs; then the top 

 logs are rolled or shot down the dell over the other logs below. 



(D) SHOOTING LOGS OVER "CHUTES." Chutes are slides, more or less roughly constructed in 

 a mountainous country. Logs, bolts, or cordwood are placed in these chutes, and are conveyed downward 

 by force of gravity. 



Three kinds of chutes proper may be distinguished: — 



Pole chutes; 

 Board chutes ; 

 Earth chutes. 



1. Pole chutes, costing, according to quality of chute and to availability of suitable material, between 

 .v300 (Appalachians) and •■>• 3,000 (Pacific Coast) per mile, have been largely used in the mountains. They 

 are said to last from seven to ten years and should have the following minimum grades:- 



