20 



LAND TRANSPORTATION WITHOUT VEHICLES 



Crotch grabs. 



Carting grabs. 



Logging by cattle in Western North Carolina. 



II. By horses. For smaller logs skidding tongs are used in place of dogs, attached to main chain 

 by three rings, swivel and hook, and costing, per dozen, about fbO. 



Stretchers prevent the traces from hurting the legs of the horses. 



On muddy soil, the nose of the log is frequently placed on a tray, or a lizard, or a triangle. 



"Trailing logs" are frequently attached to the front logs by so-called "forepaws." 



On steep routes, the traces are let out as long as possible, and the dogs or tongs are placed high 

 on the log. 



For uphill, the point of attachement is low, and the traces or chains are shortened. 



On very steep snaking roads, drivers should let the horses run, with reins loose, provided that the 

 horses are attached to logs by "jaycrabs" which unhook automatically, when the horses take refuge in 

 a "jayhole," or escape, dug sideways from the logging road. 



Cold shut. 



Skidding tongs. 



Trailing a train of logs in a jungle of rhododendrons, Biltmore Estate, 

 North Carolina. 



III. Roads for skidding or snaking. 



(a) Uphill grades must be avoided; even level stretches are disastrous. The grade depends on the 

 season of usage. Where ice and snow are available l"o or 2 "/o are ample. On dry rocky 

 ground 50 - „ is the maximum. On an average, 20 "„ seems best. 



(b) Curves must be strictly avoided, especially "inside curves" skirting a gully. Herein lies the 

 greatest difficulty encountered in the construction of snaking roads in sections where the mountain 

 slopes are deeply gullied. 



