LAND TRANSPORTATION WITHOUT VEHICLES 



21 



Logfging- by cattle in Oregon. 



(c) In the Appalachians the surface 

 of the road is 2'/., to 37, feet 

 wide, and "road poles" laid on 

 the valley side or crossties laid 

 diagonally across the road prevent 

 the logs from leaving the road. 



Swampy and moist places 

 are corduroyed lengthwise with 

 the road. Creeks must be bridged. 

 It must be kept in mind that one 

 bad spot in a snaking road re- 

 quires the use of additional teams 

 frequently over the entire length 

 of road. 



Out West, cross ties are 

 placed on the road 7 feet apart. 

 Long log trains are formed. In 

 such trains, the pull or strain on 

 the animals is evened or equalized, some logs sliding down hill while other logs of the same 

 train overcome impediments. 



(d) Means of lubrication are :- Sprinkling with water; laying cross ties or length ties; peeling of 

 logs; greasing the ties. 



Means of braking the logs are: -Sprinkling earth, sand, hay and branches on the road; 

 throwing chains on the road, or tying chains around the logs. 



(e) Snaking distance. Snaking distances range up to one mile (usually), averaging about one third 

 of a mile. Where many logs, say 100,000 board feet of logs or more, must be transported on 

 the same road over an average distance greater than one third of a mile, means of trans- 

 portation other than snaking are usually preferred. 



In the Appalachian hardwoods, the expense for 1,000 

 board feet snaked over V., -mile amounts to about .v4. In 

 the Adirondacks skidding costs 40c to 50c per 1,000 board 

 feet, the distances being short, smce the logs are merely 

 skidded to the skidways arranged alongside the sleigh roads. 



(G) LOG SLIDES. Slides are troughs consisting of two strings of 

 logs (maple, beech, birch 10 inches and more in diameter) resting on 

 heavy, round ties. They are used on grades ranging between 5 and 25 

 per cent, down hill. Crooked trough logs are made straight, and straight 

 ones are forced into curvature by saw incisions made in the bends. 



The logs are placed in line, pinned to the supporting ties at the 

 outside by pins driven into ax notches. The inside is hewn to a plane. 

 The inclination of the plane against the horizon depends on the curva- 

 ture. The hewer uses a broad ax and is guided by a chalk line. The 

 width of the slide at the top, between the logs composing it, is 24 

 inches approximately. Small poles are sometimes fixed in the base 

 of the trough. Oil is used as a lubricant where grade is insufficient. 

 The danger of the slide being burned is much increased by the use of oil. 



The trough is parallelled by a 6-foot road for a team of horses 

 to walk on. The team pulls from 5,000 to 10,000 feet at a time, being 

 attached to the last log of a "train" by a long chain. Before the 

 log train is started the logs are spread apart. Oiling a log slide. 



