30 



WATER TRANSPORTATION 



Such bank fixtures consist of : - 



Pole cribs filled with rock, the poles lying solid, pole to pole, or of inclines of poles laid horizontally, 

 supported by strong uprights from behind, or of alternating layers of fascines and stone, joined together 

 by strong piling driven into the ground; or, finally, of brush laid on the sloping bank and irregularly 

 covered with rock. 



V. The bottom of the creek is sometimes paved with stone or poles laid lengthwise, where the bottom 

 consists of muddy clay. This is especially necessary in artificial channels or canals dug through sharp 

 curves of the creek, or dug close to the connecting booms. 



VI. Driving on a large scale, in rivers swollen by melting snow. 



(a) Crew: -50 men, including cook; 



(b) Outfit: — 4 work boats, 1 wangan boat, 2 waggons, 4 tents, including cook tent, 3 horse teams; 



(c) Boats: -Boats are manned by 4 oarsmen, 1 bowman, and 1 steerman using paddle and pikepoles. 

 An extra hand sits between stroke oar and steerman. Two boats crews on each side of river. 

 The preceding crew rolls the stranded logs back into the water. The succeeding crew pushes 

 the logs into the current. Usually, the majority of the crew walks along the bank of the stream; 



(d) Jams are distinguished as "dry wings" (on one shore), "dry centers" (on an island), "eddies" 

 (in a bay at the foot of rapids). Small "dry wings" are loosened by the steerman sticking his 

 pike into the "key" log, the man sitting next to him helping. A small bunch of logs is loosened 

 at a time (not single logs), the crew rowing the boat back into the current. "Eddies" are 

 "swept" by a "sweep boom" stretched round the eddy, thus: -Logs are rolled into water; 

 longer logs are boomed in the rear by chains; shore end of boom is tied to a tree; river end 

 is pulled by all four boats rowed together ; boom logs are unfastened and set loose. 



In a large drive, the expense per 1,000 feet b. m., taken over 100 miles, approximates pV50. 



VH. Booms. 



(a) The CORDWOOD boom is a rake boom, the teeth of the rake formed by strong palings. 



The tops of the teeth are connected by strong timber bars, which are held in place by stone cribs. 



The boom is stretched diagonally across the river. The wood is merely diverted by the boom and 

 forced into an artificial side canal ending in a reservoir near the mill or depot; it is not caught or kept 

 in the boom. 



i\'al.L ijLuiii in Ualicia, seen from above. 



K.ike-boom in Ualicia, seen from below. 



