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WATER TRANSPORTATION 



River driving of cord wood at Biltmore from tiie upper end of the Biltmore Estate to Asheville, 

 inclusive of yarding at the boom, costs 50c per cord. 



(B) RAFTING. Loose logs are tied into rafts at a place where the flow of the creeks and rivers 

 begins to be more gentle. 



Only rarely are rafts used in connection with splash dams on very rapid streams (Black Forest). 



According to the size and species of logs, rafts are formed either with the logs lying with the stream 

 (longleaf pine rafts, &c.), or with the logs lying square to the stream, in this latter case the length of the 

 logs should not exceed eighteen feet. Square rafts consist usually of hardwood logs. 



I. Logs with the stream. 



(a) The logs are joined into raft sections, each section one log long; the narrow end of the log 

 points down stream; joining usually by rope, cable or chain; ring dogs or eye dogs are used, 

 or wooden pins in connection with auger holes; 



(b) At the tail section the rear ends of the logs are allowed to spread fan shaped; 



(c) The raft is directed by long rudders (sweeps), by brakes (poles which are pres- 

 sed against the bottom of the river) and pike poles, also by tugboats, or by 

 ropes attached to the shore where the raft passes by whirlpools; 



(d) The width of the raft and the tightness of binding depend on rapid- 

 ity of stream, span of bridges to be passed, sharpness of bents of 

 river and width of river bed. 



Remarks: -Ring dogs for rafting weigh about 1','. pounds, are four inches 

 long and have a 2' ..-inch ring, through which rope is run. Price 10c apiece. 



Eye dogs are made of ' j-inch round iron, are si.x inches long and 

 cost 6c per pound. 



Ring dog 

 for rafting. 



Eye dog for 

 rafting. 



II. Logs square to the stream. 



(a) The ends are joined by cross poles, sometimes imbedded in the 

 logs and held in place by pins driven into auger holes, or by 



chain rafting dogs, consisting of two small wedges joined by two rings and five links of 

 chain. Weight 2 Vs pounds. Price 12c. 



(b) The logs must have about equal length. Species not floatable otherwise 

 are lied up with floaters of pine, yellow poplar, cottonwood and linden. 



In the Mississippi two oak logs are floated by three cottonwood logs. 



(c) Such rafts are naturally stiff and cannot be used on rapid streams. 

 The small ends of the logs should alternate with the big ends so as to 

 keep the sections straight. Chain rafting dog. 



(C) FLUMES. 



Flumes resemble mill races made of boards. They must be water tight. They are largely used in 

 the Southern Appalachians, in the Sierras and in the Cascades. 



I. A V-shaped cross section has proven best. Side boards are equally long (about 16 feet). Angle 

 of the V= 110 degrees. Top width is 3 to 4 feet. 



The square box flume requires more water than the V- flume; and it fails to have the strongest 

 current in the center. On the other hand, the bottom of the square box may consist of short slats placed 

 square; and the expense for lumber and for construction is reduced. 



II. An even constant grade of from 1 to 5 degrees is necessary, also slight curves and large water 

 supply, the latter often obtained from artificial reservoirs. High trestle bridges are sometimes required. 



III. The main flume has a number of tributaries. A crew is stationed along the flume; special 

 attention is given to the inlets of tributaries. Patrol trails along the flume. 



