36 TRANSPORTATION ON LAND BY VEH1CLES:-THE ROADS 



V. Road system:- A road system in a mountainous section may contain "Crest Roads," "Slope Roads," 

 "Valley Roads," and connections between them. 



The Valley Roads should be close to the creek or river (if its fail does not exceed the permissible 

 grade), so as to make both slopes readily accessible; and so as to give the road builder the choice between 

 the slopes, bridges connecting the slopes from time to time, without extraordinary expense. Naturally, 

 however, the road must be a few feet above the high water mark of the water course or depression 

 followed by it. 



The plan of the road system should be embodied in a topographical map and should form an integral 

 part of a "working plan." 



The direct line joining two points is found either with the help of a map by reading the direction 

 of the line on a protractor, or by trying, -the usual method. 



Surveying means trying. The best route can be selected only when a number of routes have been tried. 



Stakes for narrow roads had better be placed at the upper side of the proposed bed. Stakes for 

 wide roads built on solid foundation may be placed at the lower side. Usually, stakes are placed in 

 the middle. 



When the road is staked out, the right of way should be cleared from trees and bushes so as to 

 allow of the discovery of obvious mistakes. The building of a rough trail along the staked line facilitates 

 the movement of the crews, the control of the expense and the control of the grade. 



VI. The roil of roads in conservative forestry. Conservative forestry requires, among other permanent 

 investments, means of transportation built in a permanent way, so that the outlay incurred for new arteries 

 of transportation need not be reimbursed from the annual gross revenue. The upkeep account alone 

 should form a charge on the annual budget. 



It can be shown easily that the development of conservative forestry abroad has gone hand in hand 

 with that of public and private roads. Abroad as well as here, in the absence of permanent roads ready 

 for use, destructive forestry is found to be en vogue. Where a road system is established, it is both 

 possible and remunerative to cut a "wood" or a part of a "wood" at the time when it reaches financial 

 maturity. Selective cutting is possible only, practically speaking, where permanent roads are at hand. 



The period of waiting between successive cuts is decreased by the presence of permanent roads. 



Permanent forestry will and can come only with the advent of permanent roads. The advent of 

 permanent roads entails increased stumpage values and increased prospective values for seedlings, saplings, 

 and small poles. 



The importance of permanent roads as fire lanes is obvious, as is their value to the sportsman, to 

 the health seeker, and to the pleasure seeker. As a health resort, the woods will be available only when 

 they are made accessible by permanent roads. Then, too, the appreciation of the woods by the public 

 will increase. 



In the primeval woods of America, permanent investments in roads are prevented by the uncertainty 

 of the future, notably as to taxes, tariffs, forest fires, and wood substitutes, and also with reference to 

 future means of transportation better than and different from those now en vogue. The means of trans- 

 portation applied to a first growth must be different from those applied to a second growth. 



(B) SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS. Instruments are required to ascertain or to survey the grade and 

 the curvature of the roads, and the volume of dirt to be moved in grading. 



Road instruments should have the following qualities :- 



(a) Portability (light weight and ease in setting up); 



(b) Strength; 



(c) Open sights instead of telescopic sights; 



(d) Possibility of use without tables. 



