ANIMAL LABOR 



Logging by cattle m the mountains of North Carolina. 



work. They are frequently not fed at noon. 

 In the pineries, rough tents serve as stables 

 during the entire year. 



(D) OXEN. Price per yoke is from 

 .v80 to •vl20. weight from 2,000 to 2,500 lbs. 



I. Harness. Ox yokes form the rule, 

 although efficiency of oxen in harness is su- 

 perior. Shoeing for each claw separately - 

 difficult and risky, but necessary on hard 

 ground. 



Special training takes place from second 

 year on. Fitness for hard work begins in 

 the fifth year, when ossification of bones is 

 completed. 



II. Employment. In the South for sna- 

 king heavy logs -or log trains in Oregon; 

 for hauling logs suspended underneath high 

 two-wheel trucks or on logwaggons in the pineries; rarely for loading cars or waggons. 



III. Standard work. An ox walks 14 miles per day with load. An ox yields, during eight hours of 

 work, 270 foot pounds per second; thus he produces only four fifths of the effect of a horse. 



After Thaer, an ox produces only one half as much power as a horse of the same weight. 



IV. Feed. 



(a) It is much cheaper to feed oxen than to feed horses of same weight. Ruminants have more 

 digestive power than horses. 



No feed is given in the middle of the day, and little expense is incurred during idle periods, 

 where pasture is available. 



(b) Careful treatment and good stables required. Oxen must not be hurried. Soft yokes, proper 

 salting and regular watering. Continuous attention to hoofs. 



(c) In the South, at the present time, 

 cottonseed meal and hulls form 

 the cheapest food. Food require- 

 ments per yoke per day are 20 lbs. 

 of meal and 30 lbs. of hulls. Price 

 of meal approximates -^25 per ton; 

 of hulls, •'-■9 per ton. 



(E) COST OF FEED PER 1,000 FEET 

 b. m. of logs:- 



The cost of animal feed, per 1,000 feet 

 b. m. of logs removed, according to the state- 

 ments made in an assemblage of Southern 

 logging superintendents, amounts to the fol- 

 lowing number of cents :- 



Arkansas... from 16 to 22 cents; 



Texas from 12-6 to 37-4 cents; 



Louisiana... from 12 to 36 cents; , . ,. 



Logging by cattle m ttie ^MTuiliern pineries. 

 Mississippi . from 14 to 18 cents. iron Works.) 



