ANIMAL LABOR 5 



The specifications cover the following points :- 



Height of stumps; peeling of bari\ ; separating product according to quality; length, diameter, weight 

 of product; nosing logs; cutting defects out (unsound knots, &c.); placing the product on slicks (so as to 

 allow it to dry) or on skidways; method of carrying or moving products; swamping (removal of branches); 

 use of road poles (breast works); skidways; road building. 



(E) SUBDIVISION OF LABOR. The leading principle is that one division gang must push the other. 



I. Logging. 



(a) Cutting or felling crews, consisting usually of two hands; sometimes a third man to drive wedges 

 and to make the axe cut; 



(b) Swamping crew, to clear trees of branches and to open suspicious knots; 



(c) Bucking crew, dissecting the bole into logs. Here, the foreman should be an e.\-sawyer or an 

 e.x-lumber inspector; 



(d) Snaking or skidding crew. In rough jobs, five hands for a three-yoke ox-team; three men to 

 get the logs ready and to remove brush (debris) and two men to accompany the load. In 

 smooth jobs, one man to a single horse. Many variations between these extremes. 



(e) Skidway crew -two hands rolling logs onto skidways. 



(f) Steam skidding crew, consisting of engineer, fireman, signal man, hook tender, rigging men, 

 sniper, and whip tenders; 



(g) Loading crew, with peavies or cant hooks, loading logs from the skidways, rolling them onto 

 railroad cars or sleds, or else attending the steam log loader; 



(h) Road crew, for railroad extension (engineer, fireman, foreman, fourteen hands), for ice roads 

 (sprinklers and sanders), &c. 



II. Cutting cordwood (for pulp, acid, cooperage, &c.) 

 The following additional hands may be required: — 



(a) Carriers or carrying crew -often with hand sleighs or rollers or grapple hooks; 



(b) Splitters- with heavy axes having broader, thicker cheeks than cutting axes; 



(c) Piling crew -careful, honest men are required for piling the wood, where work is paid by 

 the cord. 



PARAGRAPH III. 

 ANIMAL LABOR. 



(A) COUNTRIES. In Burmah, elephants perform the animal labor in the teak woods; in the Philip- 

 pines, the native water buffalo (carabao) is used ; in Germany, horses are used for skidding, sledding, 

 and waggoning. 



In the United States, the horse rules supreme in the North and in the entire West. In the Southern 

 mountains, oxen alone, and in the Southern pineries, oxen and mules are employed. 



(B) HORSES. Price -r 600-00 per team. 



I. The numerical ratio between hands and horses in Northern camps varies from 2:1 to 6:1. Horse- 

 power tends to be replaced by steam power. 



The standard amount of work for one horse is: — 



(a) A haul of 1,600 lbs., inclusive of waggon, on a level road over 23 miles per day; 



