MANUAL LABOR 3 



cleanliness is of the utmost importance as a bar to disease, wiiich, spreading in a lumber camp, will 

 cause large losses to the owner. 



The Whitney Company and the Chapman Timber Co., of Portland, Oregon, have established complete 

 camp outfits on wheels, consisting of bunk cars, dining cars, kitchen cars, utility car, headquarters car 

 with commissary, and so on. A 10-car outfit is said to cost •v' 6,500. In the case of the Whitney 

 Company it includes heating arrangements, shower bath, electric light, &c. Compare the "Timberman," 

 Pacific Logging Congress. July 1910, page 31. 



(B) DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT. 

 \. Determining factors are:- 



(a) Climatic conditions; 



(b) Economic conditions; 



(c) Local custom. 



In the South, work lasts all the year round. 



In the Lake States and in New England, late fall, winter and early spring (from 4 to 8 months) comprise 

 the usual period of activity. 



Logging by rail requires continuity of employment. Logging by rail also facilitates such continuity 

 for the reason that it does not depend on climate and weather. 



II. Advisability of continuous employment, especially in the case of foremen and sub -foremen, leads 

 to the adoption of means tending to attach the laborer to his job and to his employer. 

 Such means are: — 



(a) Scale of wages rising with the length of service; 



(b) Employes' cooperative insurance against the results of accident or sickness, and financial aid 

 in such cases; 



(c) Logging camps supplied with best food, clean sleeping and dining quarters, and, in the case of 

 family camps, with good schools, churches, medical aid and the like; 



(d) Advances and loans in case of need; 



(e) Wholesale purchase of commodities so as to give the workmen the benefit of a reduced price; 



(f) Firewood, forest pasture, and forest litter free of charge; 



(g) Permission of agricultural use, for a number of years, of clear cut areas; 

 (h) Rent of cabins and farms at reduced rates; 



(i) Employment during the season when cutting is stopped, in road building, fire patrol, planting, 



weeding, nursery work, &c. ; 

 (i) Possibility for hands to rise to a foreman's position; 

 (k) Encouragement of home industries so as to keep the workmen busy on rainy or cold days, i. e., 



basket weaving, shingle making, wood carving, sieve making. 



(C) REMUNERATION. 



I. Means of remuneration. 



(a) Money. Wages in the South are from -vTOO to ;^r75 a day. On the Pacific Coast, -^l to -vS 

 per day. In the Lake States, ;:?24 to S32 per month, plus board; dry days only includedt. 



(b) Commissary bills. This method of payment is used in the South only, in connection with 

 colored labor. 



(c) Privileges (house, farm, pasture). 



(d) Board. Expense in the South, per capita 25 to 30 cents; on the Pacific Coast, 60 cents; in the 

 Lake States, 40 to 50 cents per day; wages of camp cooks in Lake States -S'bO and over per 

 month; in the South, s30 to •j45 per month. 



