MANUAL LABOR 



A colored crew on the holdings of the John L. Roper Lumber Co., 

 in the pineries of North Carolina. 



Exceptions to this rule are frequently met, 

 notably in the Southern States, where the Ameri- 

 can negro is the workman of the forest. 



The forest workman lives, usually, in "log- 

 ging camps." 



(A) LOGGING CAMPS. Two kinds of 

 logging camps may be distinguished: -"Men's 

 camps" and "family camps." 



I. Men's camps consist of bunk houses, 

 kitchen houses, storage houses, and dining hou- 

 ses. They are found particularly in the Northern 

 States and in the West. They are run either by 

 the owner (Lake States), or by jobbers (Adiron- 

 dacks), or by the employes themselves (Southern 

 Appalachians). 



The advantages of camps where men only are 

 fed and kept at the expense of the owner consist of: 



(a) Possibility of military discipline; 



(b) Men are supplied with wholesome food, productive of human energy; 



(c) Entire time and entire thought of the employe belongs to the employer; 



(d) Good sanitation; 



(e) Camp can be shifted easily from place to place (camp houses consisting of detachable sections 

 usually 10 feet long); 



(f) The camp force can be increased or reduced more easily, according to requirement. 



n. Family camps. In family camps, the entire families of the employes are housed in the midst of 

 the woods and in close proximity to the logging operations. Family camps are found particularly in the 

 South and there usually in connection with logging railroads, so that the workmen can be taken every 

 morning from the camp village to their work. 



Each workman is supplied with a separate and independent cabin to suit the size of his family. 



The advantages of family camps are:- 



(a) Increased comfort and reduced 

 restlessness of the employe; 



(b) Large receipts at camp commis- 

 saries; 



(c) Chance for the employe to work 

 at home on inclement days; 



(d) Attachment of the workman and 

 his family to the cause of the em- 

 ployer, and possibility of having 

 generations of workmen from the 

 same family. 



Proper sanitation of the camps is of 

 the utmost importance. So called "incine- 

 rators" are used to dispose of the human 

 excreta. The live steam of the engines is 

 used periodically to clean the bunk houses 

 from vermin. In the bunk houses iron beds 

 are preferable to wooden beds. Utmost 



Men's camp on the holdings of the Champion Lumber Co., 

 in the spruce woods of North Carolina. 



A 



