PARAGRAPH I. 

 DEFINITION AND LITERATURE. 



The term "forest utilization" comprises all acts by which forests -the immobile produce of nature -are 

 converted into movable goods or commodities. Whether it be considered as a science or as an art, "forest 

 utilization" constitutes the major part of that forestry which is actually practiced in the American woodlands. 

 Logging and lumbering are the main components of forest utilization, so much so, that the term "logging 

 and lumbering" is almost synonymous with the term "forest utilization." 



As a scientific theme, forest utilization may be divided into two main parts, headed: — "Logging 

 operations," and "Manufacturing operations," to be arranged in five chapters: — 



Chapter I. Labor employed in the forest. 



Chapter II. Cutting operations. 



Chapter III. Transportation. 



Chapter IV. Foundations of manufacture. 



Chapter V. Manufacturing industries. 



Among the foreign literature on forest utilization, publications of the following authors are particularly 

 worthy of note:- 



Carl Gayer, Richard Hess, William Schlich, Hermann Stoetzer, Carl Grebe, Wilhelm Franz Exner, 

 Carl Schuberg, Heinrich Semler, H. von Noerdlinger, Carl Dotzel, E. E. Fernandez, L. Boppe, M. Powis Bale. 



PART I. LOGGING OPERATIONS. 

 CHAPTER I. LABOR EMPLOYED IN THE FOREST. 



PARAGRAPH II. 

 MANUAL LABOR. 



Forest labor requires physical strength, power of endurance, and skill obtained by experience. 



In America the gregarious tendencies of man are such as to cause a concentration of all labor towards 

 the centers of manufacture, leaving the forests and farms devoid of help. Thus it is that the labor problem 

 in the .American forests becomes more and more difficult of solution; and that immigrants furnished by 

 Scandinavia, Poland, Italy, the Balkan States, Mexico, and Quebec are used largely in American logging 

 operations. The American workman, on the strength of his greater intellect and alertness, occupies the 

 position of foreman, and the foreigner supplies the demand for the common hand. 



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