TRANSPORTATION ON LAND BY VEHICLES: -THE ROADS 



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transportation of dirt. For short distances, inand labor; for longer distances, animal labor; for long distances 

 and large quantities, steam labor is to be advised. 

 Stoetzer gives the following table:- 



Perishable material must be excluded from filled ground. Stones should be put on the "valley side" 

 of the fill. No heavy stone and no stumps should be suffered within at least 6 inches of the road surface. 



Where steam railroads are available and where the quantities to be moved are large, steam shovels 

 and dump cars come into play. Fills are made with the help of temporary trestle bridges to be buried 

 in the dirt dropped on them. 



VI. Expense of dirtwork. The estimate of the amount of work to be performed and of the expense 

 connected with it is made with a view to: — 



Condition and volume of soil to be moved. 

 Length of transportation and means available therefor. 

 Amount of surfacing required on the road. 

 The mere work of digging amounts, per 1 cubic yard, to the following number of work hours, where 

 hand labor is used exclusively. 



(a) For loose soil: — 



1. Without stones, roots, or stumps, \'6 hours. 



2. With stones, but without roots or stumps, I'T hours. 



3. Without stones, but with roots and stumps, 1"9 hours. 



4. With stones, roots, and stumps, 2'3 hours. 



(b) Rock in layers, somewhat decomposed (gneiss, sandstone, and limestone) to be picked with the 

 pickax, 4'7 hours ; 



(c) Solid rock, to be blasted, 8'2 hours. 



The surfacing of the road requires, per square yard of surface, from 01 hour to f5 hours. 

 The removal of the top soil with matted roots requires Oi hour to 17 hours per square yard. 



VII. Fortification of roads above and below roadbed. 

 To strengthen the slope of a fill, there may be used:- 



(a) Wicker work; 



(b) Sods of grass; 



(c) Plantations (willow, locust); 



(d) Timber breastworks, spiked, or cribbed; 



(e) Dry stone walls, allowing the water to trickle through, with base imbedded in solid ground to 

 a depth of l'/.- feet or more. 



In cases (d) and (e), the batter of the wall should be at least 1 in 4. Frequently a partial wall or 

 a partial breastwork is sufficient, even preferable, with a view to side drainage from surface of road. 



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