54 



TRANSPORTATION ON LAND BY VEHICLES:— THE ROADS 



In the East, Beech, in the West, Douglas fir form the best raw material. The logs are sawn into 

 pieces some 6 inches thick and some 4 inches wide, of 4 to 6 feet length. These pieces are run by chains 

 through an eager, of particularly strong construction, so as to be dissected into blocks of a face measuring 

 4 to 6 inches and of a depth measuring 6 inches. The blocks are charged automatically into steel baskets, 

 fixed on wheels, to be run into the impregnating cylinders. The American Creosoting Co. of Creosote, 

 Washington, specialises in this line. 



IV. Stone cover. 



(a) Stone covered roads are constructed either as pavements or after the Telford, Macadam, and 

 Koltz systems. 



The Macadam system is advisable where trap, syenite, basalt, and other hard volcanic rock is available. 

 The Telford or the Koltz system is indicated on granite, gneiss, sandstone, limestone, and slate formations. 



(b) Telford system. Curbstones are placed on both sides of the roadbed. The bed is well rounded, 

 the subgrade having a stronger curvature than that intended for the stone surface. On the bed are placed, 

 with the tips up, roughly broken stones, 8 to 14 inches long, in such a manner that the stones fit one into 

 the other. The tips are knocked off with a sledge hammer, so that the surface looks evenly curved. On 

 top is given a dressing consisting of small stones that would pass through a 1 '/,_,- inch ring. Rolling 

 is not required, although it is advisable. A workman puts up 27 square yards of pavement in a day, 

 and cuts in a day from 1 to 2 cubic yards of small stones for top dressing. 



The work and the expense required per 100 running feet of road 10 feet wide, situated within 

 1,500 feet from a quarry, consist of the following:- 



1. The formation of the subgrade requires 6 days' work. 



2. The transportation of the stone requires \'8 team days. 



3. The placing of curbstones requires 0'6 days" work. 



4. The breaking of the stone to size in the quarry requires 9 days' work. 



5. Placing the pavement and decapitating the pavement stones so as to obtain even tops requires 

 3'6 days' work. 



6. Top dressing with small stones, to a depth of 3 inches and crushing such stone by hand, 

 4'8 days' work. 



A Telford road, as described, costs about -Srl5 per 100 running feet. A Telford road drains itself 

 well, through the interstices left between the stones standing on edge. 



(c) Macadam system. The road is constructed with a heavy crown. It consists of a series of separate, 

 distinct layers of small stone, each layer pressed and rolled separately under sprinkling. The pressure must 

 be so applied as to reduce the original thickness of each layer by 20 per cent. The stones for the bottom 

 layer should pass through a 2'/2-inch ring. The stones for the upper layers are smaller, the top layer consisting 

 of ground stone or coarse sand. The minimum thickness of the stone bed should be 8 inches. Where trap 

 rock is easily available, the Macadam system is superior to the Telford system. 



Hand crushed stone is preferable to machine crushed stone. 



(d) Koltz system. This system is also known as Luxembourg system. Two parallel ditches are cut, 

 IV2 feet deep, 1 foot wide, 5 feet (waggon gauge) apart. 



These ditches form "artificial ruts;" they are filled with stone placed Telford-fashion. Side ditches 

 connect the stone filled ruts with the gutter and the valley side of the road. The Koltz system offers the 

 advantage of a thorough drainage of the road itself, and economizes in the use of stone where stone is 

 expensive. The disadvantages of the Koltz system lie in the following: - The ditches must be widened in 

 all curves; in the course of heavy hauling the stone ruts cannot be discerned by teams and teamsters; 

 one team meeting another may force a loaded waggon to leave the ruts, never to return. The expense 

 approximates ^:r4"50 per 100 running feet. 



V. Steel cover. The routes actually used by the wheels are "covered" with steel. 



The steel road consists either of two steel troughs, in which the waggon wheels are running, or of 

 two steel rails supporting grooved or flanged wheels. 



