TRANSPORTATION ON LAND BY VEHICLES:— THE VEHICLES 



61 



High Ireslle bridge and sharp curve negotiated by a log train pulled by a Heisler locomotive. 



Heisler Locomotive Works, Erie, Pa. 



Sway braces are members bolted or spiked to the bent and e.xtending diagonally across its face. 

 They are secured with '; ,-'nch bolts. The cross section of the brace is 3" ■ 10". 

 A "bulkhead" consists of timbers placed on edge against the side of an end bent for the purpose of 

 retaining the embankment. 



PARAGRAPH X. 

 TRANSPORTATION ON LAND BY VEHICLES:— THE VEHICLES. 



(A) SLEIGHS AND SLEDS. 



I. Hand sleighs, home made, very light, are frequently used abroad at grades of 10 per cent and more. 

 The steerer sits in front of load and directs with legs and side brake. On steep slopes such sleighs are 

 used in summer as well. Fifty cubic feet is an average load for one man The workman carries his 

 empty sleigh uphill on his shoulders for the next load. 



Sleighing roads for summer sleighing are frequently supplied with cross ties placed at short intervals 

 and greased at slight grades. 



IL The Appalachian tanbark sled, a home made affair, consists of runners 12 feet long made of sourwood, 

 with a natural crook in front. The upright side stakes (hickory), 6 to each side, are mortised into the 

 runners, and are joined by longitudinal and by transverse stays. The load rests on 6 light white oak 

 bolsters, bored at both ends to receive the stays. The gauge is 4 to 5 feet. The animals (o.xen) pull either 

 from a chain or from a pole fi.\ed to the front bar. The chain, shifted on the front bar to the right or 

 to the left, allows the sled to turn on sharp angles. The pole, directly coupled to the yokes, makes it 

 possible for the steers to hold the sled back on steep grades. The capacity of a sled is from -^ , cord to 

 1 \U cords of bark. 



