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TRANSPORTATION ON LAND BY VEHICLES :— THE VEHICLES 



A chain swung round the runners is used for a bral<e on steep grades. 

 The sledding road, roughly cleared of bushes, runs straight down the hill. 



HI. The winter sled for logs has little in common with the summer sled. A strong team of horses 

 is always used for motive power. For sled-trains, in the last few years, the use of sled traction engines 

 has gained much favor. 



(a) The SLEIGH, OR SLED, consists of two sets: -The front set has a tongue of rock elm or oak and a 

 "front roller," in which the tongue is set. Runners are 7 to 9 feet long, 3 inches to 4 inches wide, shod 

 with V2-inch steel shoes or cast-iron shoes either below only or both above and below; bottoms are either 

 slightly convex or flat. The front of the runner should be of a natural curve or croock, not hewn. Material 

 is white oak. The cross beams, either ironed or plain, rest in saddles or nose plates with knees. 



Logging sleds made by Eau Claire Mill Supply Co., Eau Claire, Wis. 



The "back roll" of the hind set is coupled to the front set by chains attached crosswise to the front 

 cross beam. There is usually no tongue to the hind set. 



Snow plows are required to move and to settle the deep snow. Tank sleds carry the water used at 

 night for icing the ruts made by the runners. 



The sleds are loaded from the skidways either by chains and cables slung round the logs and pulled 

 by horses or else by means of a "jammer" (tripod, tackleblock, rope, chain, loading hooks). 



Log binders take about half a foot of slack out of the loading chain. The same end may be secured 

 by poles and the twisting of the binding chain. A sled costs about .y35. The usual capacity of a sled is 

 five tons, while that of a waggon is only two tons. The actual load depends on distance, grade, and 

 condition of road. In the Adirondacks, about 2,000 board feet form a load; in Ontario, 1,500 board feet 

 of white pine or spruce. 



Sledding roads are constructed in the Adirondacks at an expense of x25 to .vl50 a mile. The sledding 

 distance when horses are used should not exceed three miles, usually. The expense of sledding 1,000 board 

 feet per mile should not exceed 35 cents. In Maine, the regular contract price for cutting, skidding, and 

 sledding is A"2 50per cord of spruce wood. 



The relative distance of snaking and sledding depends on configuration and density of stand. Sledding 

 roads are preferably built on swampy soil. Heavy grades downhill require a heavy outlay for sanding; 

 insufficient grades a heavy outlay for icing. Carelessness allowed in surveying the sleigh roads is extremely 

 expensive in short, mild, snowless winters. The modern lumberman surveys his roads with instrument in 

 hand, completing them before snowfall. 



To begin with, an empty or lightly loaded sleigh is run over the road to mark and set the track. 



(b) Sled traction engines are manufactured, amongst others, by the Phoenix Manufacturing Co., of 

 Eau Claire, Wis. Horse teams are used, in connection with the engines, to assemble the loaded sleds 

 into log trains. 



1. The traction engine consists of: — 



A 100 horse -power engine. 



15'X3' horizontal boiler, with P/i-inch flues, 200 lbs. pressure. 



Four cylinders, 6 ^ 4" X 8", two on each side of the engine. 



Four heavy steel sprocket wheels, two on each side, over which the friction chains are 



running on the snow. 

 A front steering sled, on which the steerer sits. 



