TRANSPORTATION ON LAND BY VEHICLES:-THE VEHICLES 65 



the ends of which are attached to the tongue. The turn of the winch hfts the logs by logging chains, 

 which are made fast to the winch. The logs (1, 2, or 3) are held by means of grapple hooks. As soon 

 as the team stops pulling, the tongue slips back and the logs drop to the ground. 



In the South, 3 yokes of steers or 2 teams of mules are attached to each truck. 



In the North, where 10-foot wheels are the standard, one strong horse team will do. 



The logs are usually ground skidded to form bunches of 3 to 6 logs (400 to 800 feet b. m. lying parallel 

 on the ground between the high truck wheels) and to be raised from the ground by this or that device. 

 The front end of the logs is sometimes fastened to the tongue. 



In the South, the trucking distance does not e.xceed half a mile, usually averaging one quarter of a mile. 



The best makes are those of:- 



Bodley Wagon Co., Staunton, Va. ; Snyder Wagon Co., Shreveport, La. ; S. C. Overpack, Manistee, Mich. 

 Price from x 100 to >• 150 per truck. 



II. Low wheelers, usually called " bummers," the wheels consisting of solid tree sections of 1 ' ',■ feet 

 diameter held by iron rims, are used particularly in the Gulf States and in Arkansas. They are met also 

 in Idaho. The top of the axle-bolster is even with the top 

 of the wheels. The tongue is only 6 feet long, and is used 

 as a lever in loading. The bummer is pulled by a chain 

 attached to the point of the tongue, and is loaded by plac- 

 ing the axle parallel to the log and close to the middle 

 of the log, with the tongue^ standing perpendicular. The log 

 is fastened to the axle by short chains and dogs. When 

 the team begins to pull, the perpendicular tongue is forced 

 down. The log swings automatically into position, its nose 

 rolling over one of the wheels, and the team starts on its 

 trip without a moment's delay. 



High and low wheelers are used on undulating ground 

 for downhill pull on soil free from rock, ice, swampy places, 

 debris, and brush. Log bummer, ready for the load. 



(C) LOG WAGGONS. Log waggons are used largely in the Old Country, where the forests are 

 traversed by a network of well graded stone roads. In carrying long boles, the front and hind trucks 

 are separated, the bole taking the place of the reach. Steep curves can be made if the rear ends of the 

 logs are fastened underneath the axle of the hind truck. The tip of the reach is forced towards the 

 outside of the curve either by hand or by a jackscrew. 



I. The American log waggon has a gauge, measured from center to center of tire, of 4 feet 6 inches 

 or of 5 feet. 



Wheels are usually made entirely of white oak. The wood is air- seasoned-. The tire is 3 inches, 

 5 inches, and over. Front and hind wheels are usually equally high (2 feet to 3'/, feet). Eight -wheelers are 

 now widely advertised. 



Skeins are preferably made of welded steel instead of cast, 3 inches to 5 inches in diameter. 

 Steel axles have not proven a success, owing to difficulty of repairs in the backwoods. Bolsters 

 should reach to or over the top of the wheels. 



The reach should allow of a changing distance between front and rear set; its tip should be swivel- 

 jointed to the front truck. 



Main requirements in a log waggon are: — 



Strength. Ease in loading. 



Possibility of repairs in the woods. Ease in turning. 



Low center of gravity. Light weight of waggon itself. 



The prices of log waggons range from -ySO to -v200 according to carrying capacity; the weights from 

 800 to 1,800 pounds; the carrying capacity from P., to 5 tons. 



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