58 TRANSPORTATION ON LAND BY VEHICLES:-THE VEHICLES 



(c) WHEELS:-The diameters of the wheels range from 12 inches in case of pole road truck and wooden 

 rail truck up to the standard diameter of 33 inches which the most modern loggers seem to prefer. 



The usual wheel is a 22, 24, or 26-inch wheel made of chilled charcoal cast iron. 



The face of the tread is from 3 to 6 inches wide (for wooden rails); it slants toward the outside so 

 that the car may adapt itself to sharp curves, when the outer wheel must cover a larger distance than 

 the inner. 



The flange is 1 to 3 inches deep ; in the case of pole roads even deeper than that. 



The wheel base should be as short as possible. In standard equipment, it is about 3 feet 9 inches. 



The weight of the wheels varies from 50 lbs. for a 12-inch wheel to 300 lbs. for a 24-inch wheel, 

 and so on. 



(d) The truck frame carries the boxes and the bearings outside the wheels (with light axles outside 

 and inside). The top bar and the arch bar join the forward to the rearward journals. The arches carry 

 the sandboard with the spring coils supporting the spring bolster. The log bolsters (8 by 10 inches) are 

 heavily ironed; they are bolted and braced to the sills, in case of double truck cars. Steel bolsters and 

 all steel trucks are slow in replacing the timber structures. The bolsters are up to 8 feet wide, with and 

 without scabbards for carstakes at the ends. 



Flat cars are by about 30 per cent heavier and by about 20 per cent more expensive than skeleton 

 cars. Detached trucks take care of the longest logs. 



(e) EQUIPMENT: -Brakes, if any, are usually hand brakes (with detachable brake staff). 

 Air brakes, which are unadapted to disconnected trucks, are being adopted in the West. 

 Link and pin coupling forms the rule. 



Automatic couplers save much delay in making up the trains. 



(f) PRICE:- A four-wheeled truck, complete, for narrow-gauge wooden rail, gravity road, costs from 

 ^50 to ^80. 



A standard modern two-truck Western skeleton car costs about -vTSO. 



The majority of the lumber companies are in the habit of buying wheels, axles, archbars, topbars, 

 and all other iron parts ready to be attached to frames, sills, bolsters, and other wooden parts of home- 

 made manufacture. 



For shipping, the iron parts for four logging cars make up one standard car load. 



(g) Weight and capacity:- The weight of the standard skeleton car varies between 8,000 lbs. in the 

 Southern pineries and 19,000 lbs. in the forests of the Pacific Coast. 



The capacity of the cars runs up to 50 tons. 



A good car carries 5 feet b. m. of logs for every 10 pounds of its own weight. 



V. Locomotives:- Logging locomotives are manufactured, amongst others, by the Baldwin Locomotive 

 Works, Philadelphia, Pa.; H. K. Porter, Pittsburg, Pa.; Climax Mfg. Co., Corry, Pa.; Davenport Locomotive 

 Works, Davenport, Iowa; Lima Locomotive and Machine Co., Lima, Ohio (for Shays); Vulcan Iron Works, 

 Wilkes- Barre, Pa.; Heisler Locomotive Works, Erie, Pa. 



Locomotives are either "direct connected" or "geared." The best geared types are Shay, Heisler, 

 and Climax. 



The price is practically independent of the gauge, being influenced more by horse-power, weight, and 

 construction. 



Four driving wheels are usually sufficient. On steep grades six drivers, and, on very steep grades, 

 eight drivers are used. 



The number of drivers required depends also on the weight of the rail. 



(a) Direct connected versus geared locomotives. Geared locomotives are preferable for short 

 hauls, steep grades (above 5 per cent), sharp curves, uneven track, light rails, and light trestles. The geared 

 locomotive is more expensive, ton for ton of weight, than the direct connected locomotive. It is, however, 

 more practicable on a cheaply built track; and the economy in track laying and in grading often outweighs 



