98 TECHNICAL USE MADE OF THE TREES, BY SPECIES 



racquets; snowshoes; skis; wooden pulleys; barrel hoops; pork barrel staves; baskets; dairy packings 

 (firkins, tubs, &c.) ; tool handles. 



Catalpa:- Fence posts; railroad ties; telegraph poles. 



Sassafras: -Light skiffs; fence posts; rails; cooperage; insect-proof boxes; ox yokes. Roots used to 

 make sarsaparilla. 



California laurel: — Ship building; cabinet work and interior finish. 



Elms: — Wheel stock, especially hubs; buckboard beds; neck yokes; swingle trees; fence posts; 

 ribs of small boats; top spans in covered railroad cars; railroad ties; tongues for sleighs and sleigh 

 runners; saddle trees; flooring; exported for inner lining of boats; butcher blocks and churns (butter); 

 cheese boxes; furniture; sugar and flour barrel staves; patent coiled hoops for slack cooperage; agricultural 

 implements; bicycle rims; basket making; gun stocks; frame timber of piano cases; wheelbarrows; hockey 

 sticks; construction of battle ships. 



Hackberry:- Fencing; occasionally for cheap furniture; hames. 



Mulberry: -Fencing; cooperage; in the South for boat building; axe handles. 



Osage orange:- Fencing; paving blocks; railroad ties; wheel stock; toothpicks; fine mallets; substitute 

 for fustic wood. 



Sycamore: -Furniture (lining of drawers); plug tobacco boxes; butchers' blocks; interior finish; 

 beehives (hollow log sections); butter and lard trays; wooden bowls. 



Walnuts:- Interior finish; furniture; gun stocks; tool handles; cabinet work; boat building. 



Hickories :- Axe handles; waggon stock (especially whiffletrees; neck yokes, spokes, tongues, felloes, 

 axles); buckboards; rustic furniture; barrel hoops; screws; mallets; parts of textile machinery; farm 

 implements; wooden rails (top); baskets; bows of ox yokes; boatbuilding; hickory bark for flavoring sugar 

 (to imitate maple syrup). 



Oaks (white and burr) :- Furniture; waggon and carriage stock, especially spokes, felloes, hubs, 

 tongues, hounds, bolsters, sandboards, reaches, brake bars, axletrees, whiffletrees; railroad ties; freight 

 cars (framework); ship building; house building and interior finish ; shingles; agricultural implements; bridge 

 building; mining timber; wine, beer, and whisky barrels; parquet flooring; staircases; split wood baskets; 

 hogshead and barrel hoops; bark used for dyeing. 



Post oak: -Fencing ; railroad ties ; construction; staves; carriage and waggon work; farm implements. 



Basket oak: — Baskets; cooperage; wheel stock; fencing; agricultural implements; construction. 



Chestnut oak: -Bark used for tanning; fencing; bridges; railroad ties; substitute for white oak, but 

 objectionable in tight cooperage. 



Live oak: -Ship building; furniture. 



Red oak: -Shingles; furniture; interior finish; tight and slack cooperage; railroad ties. 



Texas oak :- Same as red oak. 



Black oak: -Plow beams; furniture; lumber; bark for tanning and quercitrin. 



Tanbark oak: -In California bark used for tanning. 



Chestnut :- Tanning extract; soda fibre; coffins; furniture (cores of composite furniture); interior 

 finish; shingles; fencing; railroad ties; sheathing; Jacob staff for compasses; bridge building (trestles); 

 telephone poles; backing of piano veneers; slack barrel hoops; staves (brandy, kirsch, &c.). 



Beech: -Wood alcohol; wood ashes; charcoal; shoe lasts; plane stocks; clothespins; handles; wooden 

 bowls; horse collars (hames); parquet strips; flooring; street paving; railroad ties; sugar barrels; furniture 

 made from veneers, or bent after steaming; chairs. 



Hop hornbeam: -Posts; levers; tool handles; waggon brakes; shoes; wedges. 



Hornbeam: -Used for same purposes as above, and teeth of gear wheels. 



White birch: -Toothpicks; shoe pegs and lasts; wood pulp; spools; clothes-pins; screws; flooring; 

 veneers; furniture; bobbins and spindles; wooden skewers; hand-made barrel hoops. 



Gray birch (yellow): -Furniture (usually mahogany finish); match boxes; wheel hubs; tool handles; 

 buttons; brush backs; shoe pegs; clothes-pins; sugar barrels; dry distillation for wood vinegar, wood 

 alcohol, charcoal, &c. 



River birch: — Furniture; woodenware; wooden shoes; ox yokes. 



