COOPERAGE WORKS 



143 



Heading- turner. Trevor Mfg. Co., Lockporl, N. Y. 



Heading turner. M. Garland Co., Bay City, Mich. 



5. The heading turner which cuts the heading circularly and carves the required bevel edge. It 

 usually carries a concave saw, to cut through the boards, and on the same mandrel a small, 

 thick circular saw which gives the bevel. 



The heading, held in clamps, rotates obliquely against these saws. Price r5f235. Capacity 

 5,000 a day. Heading is usually kiln dried. 



(b) For SLACK HEADING, QUARTER SAWING IS NOT REQUIRED. Ordinary lumber can be used. The slack 

 heading plant may or may not contain all of the machines enumerated under a, b, c, d, and e. 



The machines d and e are usually combined with the cooper works. 



Slack heading of small diameter may be sawn directly by a cylinder saw from a board having a 

 width exceeding such diameter. 



II. Staves. 



(a) Staves for barrels containing the most valuable beverages are hand made (rived staves). 

 The riving of staves wastes timber. Proper bilge and curvature are obtained either by hewing (Germany) 

 or in the finishing plant (America). 



The white oak timber used must come from straight-grained trees of over 18 inches diameter. Such 

 trees are found in clumps only. Hence the necessity of a portable finishing plant, using from 15 to 35 

 horse-power. At each set or site- now usually 15 miles from the railroad-at least 100,000 staves are 

 manufactured. Si.x hundred rough staves have the weight of one thousand finished staves. Hence it is 

 wise to bring the plant close to the timber. 



The felled tree is sawed (by hand) into blocks of two inches more than stave length. The blocks 

 are placed on their larger ends. Then the sap line is demarcated with a pencil, and inside the sap line, 

 with the help of a pattern showing the cross section of a stave, as many staves are pencil-marked 

 as possible. 



By axes, wedges, and wooden mauls the block is then halved and quartered (and rehalved and requartered 

 in case of heavy blocks), the clefts following the pencil marks. The sectors are then split into rough 

 staves, always following the pencil marks. 



