146 



COOPERAGE WORKS 



III. Hoops. In tight cooperage, steel or iron hoops are used, made in the cooperage shop by means of 

 a press and a rivetter, driven over the barrel by hoop drivers or trussing machines and sometimes fastened 

 by hoop fasteners. 



Wooden hoops are more easily drawn to the barrel, and stick to it more readily when thus drawn, 

 during changing weather, than do iron or steel hoops. 



In slack cooperage, wooden hoops are still preferred and wire hoops are only occasionally used. 

 Wooden hoops are either hand made, especially the long white oak 

 hoops used on tobacco hogsheads, or sawed from plank by a hoop 

 machine, or finally knife-cut on a rotary machine or a sash frame machine. 



A machine by which sawed hoops are obtained directly from logs 

 does not seem to be much used. 



By special machinery hoops are planed, pointed, lapped, and punched. 



A hoop coiler rolls the hoops into bundles. Usually the outfit of a 

 "sawed hoop" plant consists of a saw bench, a saw machine, and a coiler. 



Hoop cutting machine. Defiance 

 Machine WorJjs, Defiance, Ohio. 



IV. Barrels. Putting up a barrel requires: — 



(a) Heating, in order to increase the flexibility of the staves held together by an iron form and by 

 one or two hoops. 



Slave bending machine. E. & B. Holmes Machinery Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 



(b) Bending in an apparatus consisting of screw and rope, windlass and rope, or of a bending press. 



(c) Crozing, viz., making a groove for the insertion of the heading, either by a hand planer or by 

 a power groover. 



(d) Hoop driving. The finished barrel is automatically planed on the outside; if it does not assume 

 the exact form of a doubly truncated paraboloid, it is pressed into shape by a barrel leveler. 



