WAGGON WORKS 



147 



(G) WOODEN PIPES. Wooden pipes are either bored pipes used for the protection of electric 

 cables; or wire woven, composite pipes, consisting of staves, and used for water conduits on a daily 

 increasing scale. 



I. The leading raw material for solid-bored pipes is Douglas fir, 4 inches by 4 inches thick. The pieces 

 are bored, in two operations, first by a small and then by a large hollow bit. One end is rounded on 

 a lathe, the other is crozed so as to tightly receive the round end. The pipes are next treated to impregnation 

 by the creosote process. 



II. The best raw material for wooden water conduits is also Douglas fir, the best quality of stock being 

 used. Pipe lines of over 24 inches in diameter are constructed in the field, from staves held in place by 

 steel hoops cinched until every individual stave is firmly clamped. There are no pipe joints. 



III. The ordinary wire woven pipe has a diameter of 4 to 24 inches, comes in sections 12 to 16 feet 

 long, and is made in the factory (e. g.. Pacific Coast Pipe Co.) from well seasoned lumber 4 to 6 inches 

 wide and 1 inch thick. The pieces are run through an inside molder, dressed convex above and 

 concave below, jointed on both sides in keeping with the radius of the pipe to be constructed, and also 

 tongued and grooved, to increase the tightness of the joint. The tongues and grooves are triangular. The 

 staves are assembled, so as to form a cylinder, and are clamped temporarily, to be conveyed to the wiring 

 lathe. The starting end of the wire is fastened by staples several inches back from the end of the cylinder, 

 so as to allow of the use of couplings. The wire is wound spirally from one end of the cylinder to the 

 other. The wire is payed out froni the spool while the spool travels along the rotating cylinder. The 

 distance of the wire spirals and the tension can be adjusted at will. Then the ends of the pipes are 

 shaped to suit the couplings, by means of cutter heads and bits. 

 The outer surface of the pipe is coated in tar and asphalt, and 

 finally covered with sawdust to make a skin which is not easily 

 abraded. The couplings are either inserted joints, one pipe end 

 fitting directly into the other, or wood sleeves, made like the pipe 

 itself but of greater diameter and with the wires set closely together. 

 Wooden pipe is cheaper, more durable, less corroding, more portable 

 than iron; it does not burst by frost, does not shrink with heat, 

 and is easily tapped at any place. 



PARAGRAPH XXV. 

 WAGGON WORKS. 



(A) THE RAW MATERIAL for waggons must be tough and 

 strong and, necessarily, air dry. The dry kiln often follows after 

 two or three years of air drying. 



Second growth of black or shell bark hickory, further ash, 

 oak, and elm, is used for tongues, shafts, spokes, rims, axles, neck 

 yokes, whiffletrees, and eveners. 



White oak or burr oak is used for spokes, tongues, bolsters, 

 hounds, reaches, and axles. 



Black birch, rock elm, white oak, and locust are used 

 for hubs. 



Waggon beds are made ofy ellow poplar, pines, or cottonwoods, 

 the composing boards being either ship lapped or tongued and 

 grooved. 



White ash, bending easiest and best of all woods, is used for 

 rims, bent seats, bent bows, shafts, &c. 



^^^' 



Reciprocating power mortiser. H. B. Smith 

 Machine Co., Smithville, N. J. 



