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148 



WAGGON WORKS 



(B) THE MANUFACTURING MACHINERY is 

 usually supplied by the Defiance Machine Works 

 Defiance, Ohio. 



I. Hubs are cut direct from the log to proper 

 length by double equalizing saws; turned on outside 

 automatically on a lathe; bored for boxes (thimbles); 

 chisel mortised for spokes; and set with two to four 

 iron rings. 



II. Spokes are obtained from bolts by rip saw- 

 ing into squares which are turned on a lathe; 

 tenoned at the big end; sandpapered and polished; 

 driven into hubs by automatic hammers; equalized 

 in length. 



III. Rims and felloes are either bent or sawn 

 to proper form. 



In the first case, the bolts are steamed or 

 boiled; then bent and pressed in an iron pattern 

 when hot; then cased up and dried; then bored 

 to receive the spokes; rounded on the inside with 

 a slight elevation left around the hole; planed, and 

 finally sandpapered. 



In the second case, very wide plank is re- 

 quired. Sawn felloes are obtained either by a set of 

 concave saws, having the required curvature, or by 

 a band scroll saw which follows the pencil marks 

 of a pattern made for each piece on the plank. 



IV. Axles are turned on a lathe according to 

 a steel pattern spanned in the lathe; are gained 

 to receive bolsters and hounds; and have the thimble 

 skeins driven on by hydraulic pressure. 



V. Shafts and poles are sawn from plank 1 V2 

 to 2'. inches thick and 8',> to 12 feet long; are 

 heated and bent, cased, dried, rounded, and belt 

 polished. 



VI. Waggon box boards are from 12 to 16 feet 

 long, and from 13 to 17 inches wide. No defects are 

 allowed, except a small knot showing on one side. 



(C) FEW ESTABLISHMENTS 

 MAKE ENTIRE WAGGONS. Usually 

 shafts, spokes, hubs, rims, axles, &c. 

 are made in factories close to the woods, 

 while other factories closer to the cities 

 or to railroad centers put the waggons 

 together after buying their component 

 parts. 



The requirements of firms engaged in 

 the manufacture of agricultural implements 

 are similar to those of the waggon works, 

 in raw material as well as in machinery. 



Hub lalhe. Defiance Machine Works, 

 Defiance, Otiio. 



Hub mortising macliine. 



Defiance Machine Works, 



Defiance, Ohio. 



Spoke lalhe. Defiance Machine 

 Works, Defiance, Ohio. 



Felloe and hound bender. Defiance Machine 

 Works, Defiance Ohio. 



Concave felloe saw. Defiance 

 Machine Works, Defiance, Ohio. 



Band scroll saw. Defiance Ma- 

 chine Works, Defiance, Ohio. 



Inside axle tree lathe. 

 Defiance Machine Works, Defiance, Ohio. 



Double belt polisher for shafts and poles. 

 Defiance Machine Works, Defiance, Ohio. 



