TEXTILE FABRICS 161 



The expense of manufacture per ton of sulphite fiber is said to be as follows: — 



Two cords of spruce 



Coal 



Sulphur 



Lime 



Labor, inclusive of office force .. 



Wear and tear 



Interest on investment 



Total X 45-50 



The sulphite process offers the following advantages over the soda process :- 



(a) It is simpler (less bleaching; no regaining of chemicals); 



(b) It does not interfere with the strength of the fiber; 



(c) It yields a larger output of fiber per cord. 



IV. Sulphate process. This process is adopted in spruce mills originally arranged for the caustic 

 soda process; further for pine and larch as raw materials. The chemical used is sodium (or magnesia) 

 sulphate, the price of which is only one third that of caustic soda. The process, which results in violent 

 reactions, is particularly strong. It is also known as the Krafft process. 



V. Electric process. The electric current is used to obtain from an 8 per cent solution of common 

 salt (Na CI) its composing parts, viz., caustic soda and hydrochloric acid. 



These substances, alternatingly acting upon the wood prepared in the manner described under II, "a," 

 and "b," dissolve the lignin and destroy the incrustations of the fiber, so that pure cellulose remains in the 

 digesters. 



Two digesters are used, connected with the positive and the negative electrode of the current respectively. 



The process is said to be faster and cheaper than the sulphite process. No bleaching required. 



PARAGRAPH XXXII. 

 TEXTILE FABRICS. 



Garments made of paper have long been used in Japan and in China, in default of other material 

 for clothing. In Western countries the only articles of clothing made of paper, until recently, were 

 "starched articles," like collars and cuffs. Now, however, numerous inventors are endeavoring to introduce 

 woven paper fabrics. 



(A) FINE AND STRONG PAPER is cut into strips Vio inch wide. The strips are twisted or spun 

 into yarns, to be used in weaving. Usually, the yarn is used in connection with cotton yarn, the paper 

 yarn enwrapping the cotton yarn for toweling, curtains, mattings, screens, &c. 



In conjunction with wool, the paper yarn is used to manufacture heavier and warmer material fit 

 for wearing. 



(B) XYLOLIN, a substance made of wood and fit for exclusive use in weaving, has been patented by 

 Emit Claviez (Saxony, Germany). Xylolin is non-shrinkable and impervious to water. 



Yarns made of xylolin (known as sylvalin yarns or as lizella yarns) are being manufactured, on a 

 large scale, in the German spinneries owned by Prince Henkel-Donnersmark and by the Elberf elder 

 Farbwerke. 



(C) WOOD YARN, as so far obtained, is inferior to cotton yarn in strength and in the possibilit}' 

 of laundering. In the future, nevertheless, wood used for a raw material in the textile industries may 

 advance as much as it has advanced in its use with the paper industries. 



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