REFERENCES AND QUOTATIONS. 317 



with his rich experience is also distinctly and concisely enunciated 

 by Lamarck in the Philosophic Zoologique : — 



" Si I'on considere, d'une part, que dans tout ce que la nature opcre 

 elle ne fait rien brusquement, et que partout elle agit avec lenteur 

 et par d^gres successifs, et de I'autre part que les causes particu- 

 lieres ou locales des desordres, des bouleversemens, des deplace- 

 mens, etc., peuvent rendre raison de tout ce que Ton observe a la 

 surface de notre globe, et sont n^anmoins assujetties a ses lois et 

 a sa marche gdnerale, on reconnaitra qu'il n'est nullement necessaire 

 de supposer qu'une catastrophe universelle est venue culbuter et 

 detruire une grande partie des operations memes de lanature." 1. 80. 



^^ Principles of Geology. 



2^ In 1870, as well as in 1872, the majority in the French 

 Academy bore this testimony to Darwin. The reiterated proposal 

 of electing him a member was certainly not rejected until such 

 men as Milne-Edwards and Quatrefages had made the stand- 

 point clear to the scientific judges. 



S9 Origin of Species. Fifth Ed. 1872. 



The other works cited are, " The Variation of Animals and 

 Plants under Domestication," 1868; "The Descent of Man and 

 Sexual Selection," 2nd ed., 1871; "Expression of the Emotions in 

 Man and Animals," 1872. 



^° Malthus (1798) investigated the conditions of the increase and 

 decrease of human population. He finds that the rise in popula- 

 tion is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence, and that 

 the growth increases in proportion to the means of subsistence, 

 setting aside some special impediments easily discovered. These 

 impediments, which always keep the population below the amount 

 warranted by the means of subsistence, are moral restraint, crime, 

 and misfortune. Malthus depicts the struggle for existence without 

 pronouncing the word ; he demonstrates that the dreams of a 

 future blissful equality of all mankind on the earth transformed 

 into a vast garden, are based upon delusions. Each individual 

 must much rather labour indefatigably to ameliorate his position. 

 By the experience of breeders and gardeners he knows that 

 animals and plants may be improved and ennobled. No organic 

 ennoblement of the human race as a whole is perceptible, nor can 

 the human race be ennobled save by condemning the less perfect 

 individuals to celibacy. 



