39 



ashes to the dump where they are left or taken to the fields for fer- 

 tilizer. Both the old type and multitnhular boilers are used; the 

 large factories have from 8 to 12 boilers. 



ELABORATION OF JUICE. 



The juice from the wells is pumped up to the double-bottom copper 

 defecators of a capacity of 400 to 500 gallons (in some factories it is 

 first run through a juice heater). There it is limed to the neutral or 

 slightly alkaline point, and tempered. The amount of lime used for 

 such defecators is from 8 to 10 Ibs; it is added either dry or as milk 

 of lime. After defecation which requires from three quarters of an 

 hour to an hour and a quarter, the juice is drawn off, clarified, fil- 

 tered, and run to the tank feeding the upright triple effect. (Some 

 factories do not clarify after defecation and some do not filter juices. 

 No sand filters have been observed.) The deposits are delivered to 

 the filter presses, and this filtered juice also goes to the triple effect 

 tank. The press-cake is removed from the press and thrown into the 

 dump. 



Sulphur, phosphoric acid, or other chemicals are not needed in 

 these juices which have an average analysis of about Brix 20, su- 

 crose 18, glucose .5, purity 88 to 90, gums .44, ash .47. 



The clarified juices are pumped up to the upright triple effect, 

 and after evaporation are discharged at 24 to 30 Beaum into the 

 eliminators which are fitted with copper coils. They are there worked 

 up, skimmed, allowed to settle, and drawn off to the tanks for feed- 

 ing the vacuum pan. 



Analysis of an average 1st syrup: Brix 52.86, sucrose 47.8, 

 glucose 1.83, purity 90, 



The scums are run to the scum tank where they may be blown up 

 to a tank to be worked over, or made into mostos. 



The vacuum pans, often of copper, have a capacity of from 10 to 

 15 tons. The syrup is drawn into the pans, grains started, and the 

 strike boiled off, requiring from four to eight hours. The massectiite 

 is discharged from the pan at about 94 Brix. 



Analysis of an average 1st massecuite: Brix 93.24, sucrose 83.4, 

 glucose 3.90, purity 89. 



The massecuite is discharged into massecuite cars holding something 

 over a ton. The cars are jun out on rails arid allowed to cool from 

 ten to twenty-four hours; they are then weighed, hoisted by an eleva- 

 tor to the floor above, run up over the mixer, and there dumped 



