Science and Industry- 

 automatic machinery. Just in proportion as an 

 industry has become thus differentiated do we re- 

 cognise the control of science. What science has 

 contributed here is a quicker, cheaper, more exact 

 imitation or repetition than was possible under 

 handicraft. The chief agent in this economy is 

 power-driven machinery, the chief work of the 

 scientific workers being devoted to the regulation 

 of the power and the machines. 



From the statical standpoint the control of 

 science over industry may be measured by the 

 degree of " standardisation " attained in the several 

 branches. Just in proportion as exact grading 

 and other quantitative measurements can be ap- 

 plied to the materials and the power exercised 

 upon them in the several processes, do we get 

 the conditions of scientific industry. The limi- 

 tations upon this progress of standardisation are 

 derived from inherent irregularities of materials, 

 of process, or of consumers' demand. Where 

 the raw materials admit of accurate grading, or 

 where slight natural irregularities can be ignored, 

 as in the main branches of the textile and metal 

 trades, or in milling, mechanical production is 

 most advanced, provided always that a sufficiently 

 large, accessible, and reliable market exists for the 

 products. Where there is lack of close uniformity 

 in shape or quality of materials, as in the case of 

 skins for tanning or of certain ores in mining, this 

 irregularity defeats the subtler uses of machinery, 

 requiring a more constant application of man's 

 choice and skill in workmanship. Again, since no 



