Science in Public Affairs 



great accessions of utility in recent times, in 

 order to fit the modern business man for the 

 more complex operations in which he engages. 



The processes which have been described may 

 conveniently be summarised under the head of 

 Capitalism, for modern capitalism is the concrete 

 industrial expression and embodiment of science, 

 organised mentality applied to the production of 

 wealth. It means the substitution of complex, 

 indirect, more productive, for simple, direct, and 

 less productive methods, and involves radical 

 changes in the structure as well as in the working 

 of industry. 



The first of these structural changes consists in 

 an increased size and complexity of every unit of 

 industry. The effective business under capitalism, 

 whether for extraction, manufacture, transport, 

 commerce, or finance, is larger in the mass of 

 productive energy it employs and in its output : 

 it draws its materials, its instruments, and its 

 labour from a wider area and a larger variety of 

 sources ; its processes are more numerous, more 

 specialised, and more carefully co-ordinated. It 

 is essential to capitalist production that capital 

 contributes a larger and labour a smaller part 

 than in more primitive industry. What holds of 

 the business unit holds also of the group of busi- 

 nesses we call a Trade. The size and area of a 

 capitalist trade is greatly extended : the group of 

 effective competitors, once comprised within a 

 single town or a small district, now extends 

 throughout a whole country, or, leaping political 



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