Science and Citizenship 



established beliefs, like Judaism, Mohammedanism, 

 Romanism, that influence conduct and determine 

 the mode of life, then we must say of science that 

 it is an incipient rather than an actual spiritual 

 power. In this sense there are sciences but no 

 science. If we look round us amongst our con- 

 temporaries, we should most of us have to search 

 far before finding an individual whose life and 

 conduct are unified by science. Notable examples 

 are, to be sure, numerous in history such as 

 Lavoisier and Condorcet, Helmholtz and Pasteur, 

 Darwin and Clifford, and, if it is permissible to cite 

 living scientists, Berthelot and Haeckel, Francis 

 Galton and Karl Pearson. Similar though less 

 notable contemporary instances are not common, 

 though in all probability they are more numerous 

 in the obscure annals of University and Academy, 

 Museum and Library, than most of us imagine. 

 There are many whose lives are unified by religion, 

 still more by marriage, and not a few by Monte 

 Carlo. But the truth is that as yet science 

 has afforded no rounded doctrine of Humanity 

 sufficiently simple and facile for the comprehension 

 of the artisan, the rustic, and the cabinet minister. 

 The difficulty of that achievement lies mainly in 

 the natural history fact, that the scientific habit 

 of mind in the observation of social phenomena, 

 though it is universal amongst children, yet persists 

 in few adults. It survives adolescence in a certain 

 number of social investigators, like anthropologists, 

 folklorists, economists, historians, psychologists, &c., 



most of whom are so highly specialised as to have 



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