Science and Citizenship 



that of the Hottentots. What then amid this ap- 

 parent confusion and disruptiveness of science is 

 the inquiring citizen to do if he wishes to know 

 the bearing of science on citizenship ? The answer 

 of science, as of every other spiritual power, is that 

 there is only one way to know the doctrine, and 

 that is to lead the life. 



The scientific quality of citizenship can only be 

 apprehended through the scientific conception of 

 the city. And the first question which science asks 

 about the city is What is it ? 



What is a City ? Legal and political definitions 

 we have, but seemingly no scientific ones as yet. 

 Now legal and political definitions, whether of 

 cities or other social phenomena, are, as it were, 

 ready-made articles of common usage, alike popular 

 and recondite. To the majority of scientists that 

 is to say, those arrested at the mechanical stage of 

 scientific thought such definitions are alternately 

 meaningless mysteries to be scoffed at, or shib- 

 boleths naTvely adopted by these scientists them- 

 selves, whenever social action is unavoidable or 

 social thought demanded. On the other hand, 

 there is a small but ever-increasing number of 

 scientists, who push on through the world of form 

 with which the mathematical sciences deal, on- 

 wards through the world of matter with which the 

 physical sciences deal, and thence through the 



world of organic life with which the biological 



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