Science and Citizenship 



experience. Had St. Augustine been more of a 

 traveller, he would doubtless have avoided the 

 geographico-historical blunder of believing that it 

 is predetermined once for all which are the cities 

 of God and which are the cities of Satan. One 

 of the truths revealed to us by social geography 

 is that every city is engaged from moment to 

 moment, from day to day, in determining for itself 

 how far and to what extent, here and now, it is, 

 and will become, a city of God, and how far it 

 is, here and now, and will become, a city of Satan. 

 In other words, predestination is a recurring and 

 not a stationary phenomenon. 



XIV 



It may be objected by some traitorous pro- 

 fessors of the science that the humanist note has 

 extremely little part and place in geography, and 

 the idealist one none at all. But it is always open 

 to us to choose our standards of geography from 

 the great founders of the science rather than from 

 the bookworms parasitic on Petermann's Mitteil- 

 ungen. And in any case, to the determinist geo- 

 grapher, whose scepticism refuses to see the idealist 

 side of the shield, we may reply in the words of 

 Turner to the critic who protested that he could 

 see nothing in Nature like one of the artist's 

 pictures, " Don't you wish you could ? " The 

 father of history, Herodotus himself, in passing to 

 humanist studies by way of geography, made a step 

 which, in the normal growth of the geographical 



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