Science and Citizenship 



of the Law and the Gospel have not been suffi- 

 ciently worked out. The system of feudal law, 

 which still encrusts occidental civilisation, has its 

 animating principle in the mediaeval maxim, nulle 

 terre sans seigneur, which might be conveniently 

 translated as, in the social sense, No spot with- 

 out its despot; and in the civil sense, No foot 

 of soil without its functionary. The contrast of 

 these ideals with that of Christian ethics the 

 kingdom of God is within you is sufficiently 

 obvious. But what the student of city develop- 

 ment has to do, is to decipher and work out the 

 expression and interaction of these conflicting 

 ideals in each successive phase of civic archi- 

 tecture and civic policy. Thus, for instance, in 

 the case of London the sociologist is to see 

 how the Tower and Windsor Castle are the ex- 

 pression and embodiment of certain political ideals, 

 and he is to trace throughout the history of London 

 the influences and ramifications of the Tower and 

 the Castle, and follow their line of direct descent 

 down to the existing institutions which are their 

 functional analogue these presumably being the 

 contemporary Functionary-factories of Whitehall. 

 In the same way, he is to see how Westminster 

 Abbey and St. Paul's are the culminating expres- 

 sion and embodiment of certain spiritual ideals; 

 and their influence and reaction on civic life and 

 architecture is likewise to be traced through 

 successive stages of city development, and the 

 analogous types of institutions to-day have to be 

 discovered and described alike in their structural 



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