APPENDIX. 173 



lemon or orange. The culture of these trees, then, 

 had been begun in the fourteenth century only 

 in a few places, but was extended in proportion 

 as arts and luxury advanced the civilization of 

 Europe. 



The orange was from the first valued not alone 

 for the beauty of its foliage and quality of its fruit, 

 of which the juice was used in medicine, but also 

 for the aroma of its flowers, of which essences were 

 made. Pharmacists have employed with success the 

 juice of the lemon in making medicines. 



The orange tree must have been taken to Provence 

 about the time it entered Liguria. It is to be pre- 

 sumed that the city of Hyeres, so celebrated for the 

 softness of its climate and the fertility of its soil, 

 received it from the Crusaders, because from this 

 port the expeditions to the Holy Land took their 

 departure. We see, indeed, that it was greatly 

 multiplied there, and in 1566 the plantations of 

 oranges within its territory were so extensive and 

 well grown as to present the aspect of a forest. 



The territory of Nice, so advantageously placed 

 between Liguria and Provence, would necessarily 

 receive from its neighbors a tree so suited to the 

 softness of its climate, sheltered by the Alps, and to 

 the nature of its soil, fertilized by abundant waters. 

 It appears that the culture had already greatly ex- 

 tended toward the middle of the fourteenth century, 

 as we find in the history of Dauphiny that the Dau- 

 phin Humbert, returning from Naples in 1336, 



