86 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable; medullary 

 rays numerous, thin, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 

 0.6856 ; ash, 0.37. 



The bark and leaves rich in tannin, and largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, decoctions, 



etc., in external applications, and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections (New York Jour. Med. x, 208. 



Trans. Am. Med. Assoc. i, 350. U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1661. Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 704). 



139. Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linnteus, 



Spec. led. 999. Marshall, Arbustnm, 77. Wangenheim, Amer. 49, 1. 16, f. 40. Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 237. Lamarck, Diet, iii, 533; 111. 

 iii, 367, t. 783. Aiton, Hort. Kc\v. iii, 365 ; 2 ed. v, 30R. Grcrtner, Fruct. ii, 57, t. 90. Mo-nch, Meth. 340. Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 

 48. B.S. Barton, Coll. i, 1(5. Willdenow, Spec. iv,475; Ennm. 985; Berl. Baums!. 214. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 202. rersoon, 

 Syn. ii,573. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 541. Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 97. Schkuhr, Haiulb. iii, 275, t. 307. Nouvean Duhamel, ii, 

 42, 1. 10; vii, 207, t. 60. Michaux f. Hint. Arb. Am. iii, 194, t. 4; N.American Sylva,3 ed. ii, 42, t. 64. Barton, Prodr. Fl.Philadelph. 

 92; Compend. Fl.Philadflpl). ii, 177. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 635. Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 208. Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 

 116. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219; Trans. Am. Pbil. Soc. 2 ser. v, lf>8. Nees, Fl. Offic. t. 95. Elliott, Sk. ii, 621. Sprengel, Sy.st. iii, 864. 

 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kuutb, Nou v. Gen. & Spec, vii, 273. Andubon, Birds, t. 44. Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. 

 York, ii, 217. Beck, Bot. 326. Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 64. Eat on & Wright, Bot. 302. Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 84. London, 

 Arbore turn, iv, 2049, f. 1961 & t. Lindley.Fl. Med. 322. Griffith, Med. Bot. 581, f. 254. Broomfield in London Jour. Bot. vii, 144. 

 Scbnizleiu, Icon. t. 98, f. 5-21. Seemann, Bot. Herald, 34(5. Darby, Bot. S. States, 509. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. 

 Chapman, Fl. S. States, 157. Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 77. Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 

 362. Wood, Cl. Book, 375 ; Bot. & Fl. 120. Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 344. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi 2 , 157. Oliver in Hooker 

 f. Icon, xi, 13. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 174. Koch, Dendrologie,ii, 464. Young, Bot. Texas, 291. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 

 15. Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 412 & figs. Baillon, Hist. PI. iii, 397, f. 471-474. Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 300, f. 

 445. Ridgway in Am. Nat. vi, 664; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67. Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53. Hemsley, Bot. 

 Am. -Cent, i, 400. 



L. Styraciflva, var. Mexicana, Orsted, Am.-Cent. xvi, t. 11. 

 L. macrophylla, Orsted, Am.-Cent. xvi, t. 10. 



SWEET GUM. STAR-LEAVED GUM. LIQUIDAMBER. RED GUM. BILSTED. 



Fairfleld county, Connecticut, to the valleys of the lower Ohio, White, and Wabash rivers, south to cape 

 Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, southwest through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory to 

 the valley of the Trinity river, Texas; in central and southern Mexico. 



A large tree, often 30 to 36 or, exceptionally, 48 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in 

 diameter ; in low, wet soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the 

 Mississippi basin, here, with the cotton gum, forming a large proportion of the heavy forest growth. 



Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact, inclined to shrink and warp badly in 

 seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, bright browii tinged 

 with red, the sap- wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5910; ash, 0.61; manufactured into lumber and used 

 in the construction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in cabinet work as a substitute for black 

 walnut, and for veneering and street pavements; its great economic value hardly appreciated on account of 

 the difficulty experienced in properly seasoning it. 



The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the south collected by herbalists and sometimes used in 

 the form of a sirup as a substitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally as an ointment in 

 dressing frost-bite, abscess, etc., and in the manufacture of chewing gums (Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 

 246. Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 834). 



RHIZOPHORACE^E. 



14O. Rhizophora Mangle, Linnaeus, 



Spec. 1 ed. 443. Jacquin, Amer. 141, t. 89. Gartner, Fruct. i, 212, t. 45, f. L Lamarck, III. ii, 517, t. 396; Diet, vi, 160. Willdenow, 

 Spec, ii, 844. Persoon, Syu. ii, 2. Decourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 45, 1. 10. Vellozo, Fl. Fluin. 1. 1. De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 32. 

 Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 301. Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 332, t. 34. Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 484. Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. 

 v, 295. Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 290. Arnott in Ann. Nat. Hist. i,361. Walpere, Rep. ii, 70. Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 

 14. Darby, Bot. S. States, 312. Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 55. Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 274. Schnizlein, loon. t. 

 263, f. 1-7. Maout & Deeaisne, Bot. English ed. 419. Eichler in Martius, Fl. Brasil. xii-, 420, t. 90. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 

 15. Baillon, Hist^Pl. vi, 284,/. 253-259. 



R. racemosa, Meyer, Prim. Fl.-Esseq. 185. De Candolle, Prodr. iii, :i2. 



R. Americana, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 95, t. 24; 2 ed. i, 112, t. 24. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. 



