122 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



URTICAOE^E. 



222. Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall, 



Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 169. Plauchon in Aim. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 279 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvu, 162. Walpers, Ann. iii, 426. 

 Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. Wood, Cl. Book, 633. Gray, Hall's, PI. 

 Texas, 21. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. 



U. opaca, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 35, t. 11 ; 2 ed. i, 51, t. 11. Browne, Trees of America, 503. 



CEDAR ELM. 



Arkansas, south of the valley of the Arkansas river to the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, extending west to 

 Eagle Pass. 



A tree 18 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its southern or 

 southwestern limits much smaller ; borders of streams, in rich soil ; one of the most common and valuable timber 

 trees of Texas west of the Trinity river, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Guadalupe 

 and Trinity rivers. 



Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary 

 rays obscure; marked, in common with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregularly- 

 arranged groups of small open ducts ; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; specific 

 gravity, 0.7245 ; ash, 1.20 ; used in the manufacture of wagon hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for 

 fencing. 



223. Ulmus fulva, Michaux, 



PI. Bor.-Am. i, 172. Persoon, Syn. i, 291. Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 14. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200. Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxxix, No. 

 10. Eaton, Manual, 31; 6 ed. 376. Nuttall, Genera, i, 201. Roeraer & Sehultes, Syst. vi, 301. Elliott, Sk. i, 333. Hayne, 

 Dend. Fl. 32. Torrey, Fl. U. S.i,299; Compend. Fl. N. States, 132; Fl. N. York, ii,166; Fremont's Rep. 97. Sprengel, Syst. i, 

 931. Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 271. Beck, Bot. 333. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 142. Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 114. Eaton & 

 Wright, Bot. 464. Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1407, f. 1247. Dietrich, Syn. ii,992. Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, 363; Hist. Veg. xi, 

 107. Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 297; 2 ed. ii, 334 & t. Browne, Trees of America, 501. Griffith, Med. Bot. 551. 

 Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 276. De Candolle, IJrodr. xvii, 161. Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 446. Walpers, Ann. iii, 426. 

 Richardson, Arctic Exped. 436. Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 255. Darby, Bot. S. States, 502. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 

 254. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 416. Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 55. Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. 

 Arkansas, 386. Wood, Cl. Book, 633; Bot. & Fl. 299. Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 310. Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new 

 ser. xii, 208. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442. Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 422. Young, Bot. Texas, 496. Hayden in Warren's Rep. 

 Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22. Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 233, t. 233. Ridgway in Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus. 1882, 72. Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55 C . 



U. pubescens, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111. 



U. Americana, var. rubra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 319 ; 2 ed. ii, 107. Willdenow, Spec, i, 1325. Hayne, Dend. Fl. 31. 



f U. crispa, Willdenow, Enum. 295 ; Berl. Banmz. 520. 



U. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 278, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 73, t, 128. 







RED ELM. SLIPPERY ELM. MOOSE ELM. 



Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to Ontario and northern Dakota, south to the Chattahoochee region 

 of northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. 



A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams and hillsides, 

 in rich soil. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the ground, splitting readily 

 when green; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays 

 numerous, thin; color, dark brown or red, the, thin sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6956; ash, 0.83; largely 

 used for wheel stock, fence posts, rails, railway ties, sills, etc. 



The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, and extensively used in various medicinal preparations (Am. Jour. 

 Pharm. xxiv, 180. Philadelphia Med. Times, 1874, 303. U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 913. Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1480. 

 Flilckiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 501). 



