126 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



C. Audibertiana, Spach in Ann Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist. PI. xi, 135. Planchou in De Candolle, Prodr. rvii, 174. 



C. Audibertiana, var. OVata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41; Hist. Veg. si, 135. 



C. Audibertiana, var. oblongata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 135. 



C. Lindheimeri, Engelmaim in herb. A. Braim. (Koeh, Drendrologie, ii, 434). 



C. Berlandieri, Klotsch in Linusea, xviii, 541. Planchon in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 178. 



C. Tcxana, Scbeelein Liniiica, xx, 146; Roomer, Texas, 446; Appx. 146. 



C. Occidentalism var. crassifolia, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 395 ; 5 ed. 443. Wood, Cl. Book, 634 ; Bot. & PI. 299. 



C. OCeidentalis,VH,T.pumila, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 397; 5 ed. 443. Chapman, Fl. S. States. 417. Curtis in Rep. 

 Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 62. Watson in King's Rep. v, 321. 



SUGAR BERRY. HACKBERRY. 



Valley of the Saint Lawrence river west to eastern Dakota, south through the Atlantic region to bay Biscayne 

 and cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Devil's river, Texas. 



A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 to 39 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 meter in 

 diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Mississippi River basin; rich bottoms or 

 dry hillsides; sometimes reduced to a low shrub (C. pumila), and varying greatly in the size, shape, and texture 

 of the leaves (C. Mississippiensis Iccvigata, integrifolia, crassifolia, etc.) : the extremes connected by innumerable 

 intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one polymorphous species of wide geographical range. 



Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of 

 annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller ducts 

 arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, clear light yellow, the sap-wood 

 lighter; specific gravity, 0.7287 ; ash, 1.09; largely used for fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap 

 furniture. 



Var. reticulata. 



C. reticulata, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 247. Eaton, Manual. 6 ed. 86. Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 35. Eaton & 

 Wright, Bot. 186. Nuttall, Sylva, i, 133, t. 39; 2 ed. i, 146, t. 39. Browne, Trees of America, 518. Planchon in Ann. 

 Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 293; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 178. Walpers, Ann. iii, 396. Torrey & Gray in Pacific R.R. Rep. 

 ii, 175. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260 ; Am. Nat. iii, 407. Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 401. Watson in 

 PI. Wheeler, 16. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. 

 vi, 238. Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54. 



C. Douglaffii, Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 293 ; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvii, 178. Walpers, Ann. iii, 396. 



fC. OCcidentalis, var. pumila, Watson in King's Rep. v, 321 [not Gray]. 



C. Itrevipes, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. 3 ser. xiv, 297. Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 238. 



, . HACKBERRY. PALO BLANCO. 



Western Texas (Dallas, Ravenel) to the mountains of southern Arizona, and through the Rocky mountains to 

 eastern Oregon ; in the Tehachipi pass, California (Pringle). 



A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely d.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, generally 

 in high mountain canons, or in the more arid regions reduced to a low shrub ; well characterized by its small, thick, 

 coriaceous leaves, slightly pubescent on the underside along the prominent reticulated veins, and by the light-colored, 

 deeply-furrowed bark, but connected with the typical C. occidentalis by intermediate forms not rare in western Texas. 



Wood not distinguishable in structure or color from that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.7275; ash, 1.22. 



229- Ficus aurea, Nuttall, 



Sylva, ii, 4, t. 43 ; 2 ed. i, 154, t. 43. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22. 

 F. aurea, var. latifoiia, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 4 ; 2 ed. i, 154. 



Semi-tropical Florida, Indian river to the southern keys. 



A large parasitic tree, germinating on the trunks and branches of other trees, and sending down to the ground 

 long aerial roots, which gradually grow together, kill the inclosed tree, and form a trunk sometimes 0.90 to 1.20 

 meter in diameter. 



Wood exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarse-grained, compact, not durable; medullary rays thin, hardly 

 distinguishable; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.2616; ash, 5.03. 



