140 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



256. Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux, 



Hist. Chenes Am. No. 2, t. 2, 3; Fl.Bor.-Ain. ii, 194. Willdenow, Spec, iv, 453; Enum. 977; Berl. Baumz. 350. Smith in Rees' Cycl. 

 xxx, No. 80. Persoon, Syn. ii, 570. Poiret, Suppl. 11,224. Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 34, t. 3 ; N.AmericaB Sylva,3ed.i,35, t.4. 

 Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215. Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 182. Hayne, Dend. PI. 161. Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863. 

 Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N.York, ii, 191, t, 108. Beck, Bot. 330. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293. 

 London, Arboretum, iii ; 18G9, f. 1731 & t. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 159. Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 

 132, t. 2;' 2 ed. i, 149 & t. Scheele in Kramer, Texas, 446. Richardson, Arctic Exped. 437. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 

 255. Brendel in Traus. Illinois Ag. Soc. 131. t. 5,f. 21. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 

 387. Wood, Cl. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 389. 

 A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 2 , 20. Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 67. Liebmanu, Cheues Am. 

 Trop.t. G, t. 33, f. 27, 28. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451. Koch, Dendrologie, ii 2 , 51. Young, Bot. Texas, 506. Winchell in 

 Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 68. Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24. Broadhead 

 in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. J. F. James in Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 1 & t. Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 

 81. Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49 C . Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156. 



Q. Olivceformis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am, ii, 32, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 33, t. 3. Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 91. 

 Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215; Sylva, i, 14; 2 ed. i,24. Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 181. Sprengel, 

 Syst. iii, 864. Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359. Fl. N. York, ii, 191. Beck, Bot. 330. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed- 

 293. London, Arboretum, iii, 1869, f. 1730. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 159. Gray, Manual N. 

 States, 1 ed. 414. A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 2 , 20. Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. l-6 r 

 1866, 67. Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 391. 



Q. obtusiloba, var. dapressa, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215. 



Q. macrocarpa, var. olivceformis, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 404 ; 5 ed. 451. 



Q. macrocarpa, var. abbreviata, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi a , 20. 



Q. macrocarpa, var. minor, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 2 , 20. 



Q. Stellata, var. depressa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 23. 



BURR OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. OVER-CUP OAK. 



Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern shores of lake Huron to lake Winnipeg, south to the valley of the 

 Penobscot river, Maine (C. E. Hamlin), and along the shores of lake Champlain and the valley of the Ware river, 

 Massachusetts, to Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, west to the eastern foot-hills of the Eocky mountains of Montana, 

 central Nebraska and Kansas, southwest to the Indian territory and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas. 



A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 50 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 

 to 2.10 meters in diameter; rich bottoms and prairies; in the prairie region the principal growth of the "oak 

 openings ", and extending farther west and northwest than any oak of the Atlantic forests. 



Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, more durable in contact with the soil than that of 

 other American oaks ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays 

 often broad and conspicuous ; color, dark or rich light brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7453; 

 ash, 0.71; generally confounded with the less valuable white oak (Q. alba), and employed for the same purposes. 



257. Quercus lyrata, Walter, 



Fl. Caroliuiana, 235. Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 83. Michaux, Hist. Cheues Ain. No. 3, t.4; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 195. Willdenow, Spec. 

 iv, 453. Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 79. Persoon, Syn.ii. 570. Poiret, Suppl. ii, 224. Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 42, t. 5; N. 

 American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 39, t. 6. Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 295. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632. Nouvean Dnhamel, vii, 181. Nuttall, 

 Genera, ii, 215. Elliott, Sk. ii, 607. Sprengel, Syst. xi, 156. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295. London, Arboretum, iii, 1871,11733, 

 1734. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 386. Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 156. Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. 

 Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 33. Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 

 387. Wood, Bot. & Fl. 306. A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 2 , 19. Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 

 1-6, 1886, 66. Koch, Dendrologie, ii 3 , 53. Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21. Young, Bot. Texas, 506. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. 

 Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 389. Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns, 1882, 80. 



OVER- CUP OAK. SWAMP POST OAK. WATER WHITE OAK. 



North Carolina, south near the coast to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, west through Alabama, 

 Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern 

 Missouri (Allenton, Lettermari) to middle Tennessee, southern Indiana and Illinois. 



A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; deep, often submerged, river 

 swamps ; rare in the Atlantic states ; more common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lied 

 river and the adjacent portions of Arkansas and Texas. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, very durable in contact with the ground, close-grained, inclined to check in 

 drying ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous, 

 conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8313; ash, 0.65; used for the 

 same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba). 



