150 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at high elevations 

 reduced to a shrub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the California 

 Sierras. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several 

 rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, broad, conspicuous; color, light red, the thin sap-wood lighter; 

 specific gravity, 0.6435 ; ash, 0.26 ; of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning. 



* 



276. Quercus nigra, LinnaW, 



Spec. 1 ed. 995. Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. Wangenheim, Ainer. 77, t. 5, f. 13. Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,234. Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2 

 ed. v, 291. Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 50; ii, 58. Jlichaux, Hist. Cheues Am. No. 17, t. 32,23; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198. Muhlenberg & 

 Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. Willdenow, Spec, iv, 442. Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx, No. 53. Persoon, 

 Syn. ii,569. Desfpntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 509. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 629. Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 292. Barton, Compend. Fl. 

 Philadelph. ii, 168. Nouvean Duhamel, vii, 168. Elliott, Sk. ii, 600, Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862. Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; 

 Fl. N. York, ii, 188; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206. Audubon, Birds, 1. 116. Beck, Bot. 328. London, Arboretum, iii, 1890, f. 

 1764, 17G5. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 162. Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 267. Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. 

 Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, C25, t. 7. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. Curtis in 

 Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 38. Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 388. Wood, Cl. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl. 

 305. A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 63. Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 72. Gray, Manual N. States, 

 5 ed. 453 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. A. Koch, Dendrologie, ii 2 , 61. Young, Bot. Texas, 503. Vasey, Cat. 

 Forest Trees, 26. Ridgway in Proc. Nat. Mus. 1882, 82. Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156. 



Q. nigra, var. latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. 



- 

 Q. nigra integrifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 121. 



f Q. aquatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234. 



Q. Marylandica, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. 



BLACK JACK. JACK OAK. 



Long island, New York, west through northern Ohio and Indiana to about latitude 55 N. in Wisconsin, 

 southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about 99 west longitude, south to 

 Matanzas inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas. 



A small tree, sometimes 12 or even 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter, 

 or more often much smaller; dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through the southern 

 states, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas, Indian territory, and eastern Texas, 

 forming, with the post-oak (Q. obtusiloba), the growth of the Texas cross-timbers. 



Wood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of 

 large open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous^ color, rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood much lighter; 

 specific gravity, 0.7324; ash, 1.16; of little value except as fuel. 



277. Quercus falcata, Michaux, 



Hist. Chenes Am. No. 16, t. 28; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199. Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221. Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 104, t. 21 ; 

 N.American Sylva, 3 ed.i, 73, t. 23. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. Barton, Compend. PI. Philadelph. ii, 

 170. Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 169. Elliott, Sk. ii, 604. Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358. Beck, Bot. 329. Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 

 293. London, Arboretum, iii, 1882, f. 1750, 1751. Lindley, Fl. Med. 292. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 

 269. Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. Curtis in Rep. Geological 

 Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 39. Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. Wood, Cl. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. Porcher, 

 Resources S. Forests, 256. A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi 3 , 59. Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 

 72. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. A, t. 22, f. 3. Young, Bot. Texas, 

 505. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80. 



Q. rubra Montana, Marshall, Arbustum, 123. 



Q. nigra digitata, Marshall,-Arbustum, 121. 



Q. cuneata, Wangenheim, Amer. 78, t. 5, f. 14. Koch, Dendrologie, ii 2 , 64. 



Q. elongata, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 400. Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444. Smith in 

 Rees' Cycl. xxx, 57. Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291. 



Q. triloba, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 14, t. 26. Willdenow, Spec, iv, 443; Berl. Baumz. 342. Smith in Rces' Cycl. xxx, 

 No. 54. Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. Poiret, Suppl. ii,220. Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,628. 

 Hayne, Deud. Fl. 156. Sprengel, Syst. iii, 662. Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357. Beck. Bot. 328. Eaton, Manual, 

 6 ed. 292. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. Wood, Cl. Book, 644 ; Bot. & PI. 30C.. 



